11/12 &11/13-- notes
- Rise of the Philosophers
- a philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life
- after losing to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, people in Athens turned to philosophers for answers
- Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the most well known
- Socrates 470-399 BC
- Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece
- Socrates taught by asking questions
- this method of questioning is still called the Socratic method
- he was put on trial and found guilty for "corrupting the youth of Athens"
- put to death- hemlock
- "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance"
- Plato 427-347 BC
- Plato was the student of Socrates
- he started a school called The Academy that lasted 900 years
- he wrote The Republic
- the book talked about a perfectly governed society-not a democracy
- in his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class
- the person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen king
- Aristotle 384-322 BC
- Aristotle was a student of Plato
- he wrote about science, art, law, poetry, government, etc.
- he taught Alexander the Great
- "He who studies how things originated will achieve the clearest view of them."
- Macedonians
- lived in mountainous villages, not city-states
- Macedonians considered themselves to be Greek but were looked down upon by the big city-states
- Philip II built up his military and eventually invaded and defeated the Greek city-states
- Used the phalanx and cavalry to great effect
- King Philip II of Macedon 382-336 BC
- goal was to take over all of Greece and then to get revenge by taking over the Persian Empire
- defeated Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC ending a ten year war and bringing peace to Greece
- Philip II established a federation of Greek states known as the League of Corinth, with him as the elected as commander-in-chief
- Philip planned the invasion of the Persian Empire but was assassinated
- Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding by a former bodyguard, Pausanias
- Why did Pausanias kill Philip? There are some possibilities:
- Pausanias was offended by Attalus(uncle of Philip's wife)-- this was Aristotle's account
- Jealousy, rape and revenge on Attalus-- this was Cleitarchus' account
- Philip's son, Alexander, was involved-- this was Justin's account(Roman Empire)
- We don't really know
- Alexander the III of Macedon 356-323 BC
- "Alexander the Great"
- Took over for his father, Philip, in 336 BC
- Ruled Greece and it's empire for only 13 years (336-323 BC)
- Due to his great accomplishments, became known as Alexander the Great
- He was taught by Aristotle
- He was undefeated in battle
- His goal was to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea"
- After taking power, Alexander eliminated his opponents to the throne and then moved to consolidate Greece
- Alexander then turned east to take over of the Persian Empire and achieve the goal of his father
- 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry, 120 ships
- After losing some battles, Darius III retreated quickly and offered Alexander all lands west of the Euphrates River and money for his family
- Alexander the Great refused Darius III's offer and announced he would take the entire Persian Empire
- In 332 BC, Alexander the Great moved into Egypt and "liberated" Egypt from the Persians
- The Egyptians crowned Alexander pharaoh
- Founded the Egyptian city of Alexandria
- After conquering Egypt, Alexander moved into Mesopotamia and finished the job of defeating Darias III and the Persians(Battle of Issus 333 BCE and the Battle of Gaugamela 331 BCE)
- The capital city of the Persian Empire, Persepolis(in Iran), was looted and burned by Alexander as possible revenge for the Persians burn
- Alexander would continue east into India where he eventually ran into a strong Indian army
- His troops were tired-they had been fighting for 11 years and traveled more than 11,000 miiles
- Even after defeating the Indian Army in a battle, the monsoons of India were having an impact and Alexander agreed to turn back west
- Alexander would die from disease not long after, possibly from typhoid fever or malaria
- Some say he was poisoned
- Alexander the Great's Legacy
- Greek Empire split into three sections
- Greek city-states led by Antigonus
- Egypt led by Ptolemy
- Former Persian Empire ruled by Seleucus
- These leaders ruled with absolute power
- Cultural diffusion between east and west
- Greek Empire split into three sections
- The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
- Hellenic(510-323 BCE) vs Hellenistic(323-146 BCE)
- Hellenistic culture became common all throughout the Greek Empire
- Greek, Egyptain, Persian and Indian cultures mixed
- Language- Koine
- Trade flourished between all these areas
- Cities
- Science and technology
- Philosophy, art, and architecture
- Mathematics
- Euclid established geometry
- Archimedes estimated the value of pi and the law of the lever
11/14- reviewed for the test
11/15-11/16-- test
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