Bonus Expeditionary Force:
-Troops were known as the american expeditionary force
-WWI veterans wanted their bonus.
-They marched to washington DC and asked congress if they could give them their bonus early.
-Congress said no
-Hoover asked MacArthur to get rid of the WWI veterans and he disobeyed Hoovers orders, but he overall did what he asked, so Hoover thanked him publicly and he got backlash for that
Franklin D. Roosevelt:
-He promised people a new deal
-He wins in a blowout
-He had a monopoly of all the smart people in the country called FDR’s brain trust
-he was the first president to give live radio chats -called fireside chats
-His first one was on the banking crisis
Deficit spending- spending more money than you make
They had to put money into the economy to get it started up again- priming the pump
When Roosevelt became president, he said that in the first 100 days, he would get a lot of stuff done and he did
Court Packing Bill:
-Some of the new deal programs were declared unconstitutional
-AAA, NIRA,
-How about we had one new justice for every guy over 70
-FDR announces the controversial plan to add more justices to the supreme court
Opponents:
-Some say that FDR went too far. Spent too much money
-Others said that he didn’t do enough. He needed to do more.
-He was in the middle doing exactly what he needed to do.
Reasons for opposition to FDR and the New Deal:
-It created a very powerful president that led to congress, this was a violation of checks and balances
-It was a radical departure for laissez faire ideals. Created “big government”.
-Some acts were unconstitutional
-Heavy debt burden- the U.S. was engaged in deficit spending and this was unhealthy for the economy in the long run.
Father Charles Caughlin:
-he had a radio show
-He campaigned for FDR and was for the new deal, but he then started to become against it and he became racist in his comments
-He said that he was in the back pockets of big bankers that was controlled by jews as he says
Francis Townshend:
-He was a doctor and saw how the elderly was struggling and he said that FDR needed to do more.
-He helped pass the social security act
Senator Huey Long:
-His slogan was “share our wealth” and “every man a king”
-take from the rich and give to the poor
-He called for taking all the money above 50 million dollars so that you couldn’t have anymore than 50 million.
-You can’t make anymore than a million dollars per year.
-Limit inheritances to five million dollars each.
-Guarantee that every family had an annual income of at least $2,000.
-Free college education
-Old-age pensions for all people over 60
-veterans benefits and healthcare
-A 30 hour work week
-A 4 week vacation for every worker
-Greater regulation of commodity production to stabilize prices
(he was very socialist)
-He was shot and killed by doctor Carl Weiss.
-Huey was campaigning to get rid of Carl Weiss’ dad, Judge Weiss, so Carl shot and killed him.
The second new deal:
-There are 2 new deals
-The first new deal was the first couple years- it was all about making sure people had what they need today- banks stop closing down- save the stock market- make sure people survive- bring hope back- plan and regulate the economy- first 100 days
-The second new deal was much more longer term- pass new labor laws- create and expand new deal agencies- Establish Social Security for older people and unemployed.
Eleanor Roosevelt:
-FDR Cousin/wife
-She played an important role in her husband's presidency
-Her husband was handicapped, so she had to step up for him a lot
-She was a women's rights activist and also pushed for helping african americans
-One of the most outspoken first ladies
1936 election:
AL Landon vs FDR:
-FDR won in a blowout
Presentation notes:
Rural electrification Act (REA)
- it provided electricity to rural americans to states closer to the midwest - basically a sequel to the homestead act
-Gave americans a fair chance
-It was successful- the percentage of people in rural areas that had access to electricity started to increase.
-It is still around today.
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)
-employee rights.
-it protects the rights of workers
-it applies to pretty much just factory workers
-It is still in place today
-Workers were given more rights, it created peace in the workplace.
-It made it more democratic
-Not all employers wanted to pay the higher wagers and they opposed to act
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
-Started by harry hopkins
-Its purpose was relief for people as soon as possible and supply jobs for employable people
-Give qualified people long term jobs
-It was successful with teaching the unemployed
-It spent way too much government money, so the WPA would take the place of it
National Youth Administration (NYA):
-Give them grants to go to college and they wouldn’t have to pay, but sometime in their life they would have to work for the NYA.
-It was supposed to decrease unemployment rates
-Give youth an opportunity to get an education
-It did what it was supposed to do, so they got rid of it.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):
-Started in 1933
-Lasted 9 years
-women were prohibited from joining at first
-They were allowed in at the end
-The CCC employed nearly 3 million mean and 8500 women
-All races were eligible to participate but the work units were segregated
-All members received the same pay and benefits
-Public relief program.
-It was for unemployed, unmarried men
-It was for ages 18-25 changed to 17 to 28
-Gave millions of men employment on environmental projects
-One of the most successful in the new deal
-Planted trees and constructed shelters in more than 800 parks nationwide
-They received 30 bucks a month in addition to a room
-They were required to send $22-25 of their monthly earnings back to their families
-Didn't fail. It ended because of the war
Public Works Administration (PWA):
-Part of the industrial recovery act
-Spent on construction of public works
-Its goal was to improve the unemployment rate
-Overall it wasn't successful, but it did give people jobs and started a lot of projects.
-It became irrelevant
Works Progress Administration (WPA):
-Created in 1935 by FDR
-Goal was to decrease unemployment rate
-Created works for millions of people by building roads, buildings, bridges, etc.
-It was to give people a decent wage
-They were able to complete many projects
-It ended in 1943 to converse funds for WWII
Federal Project Number One (Federal One):
-It provided job opportunities for basic people in the arts
-It ended
Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA):
-Banks became broke
-People lost all their money
-People lined up in bank runs to take their money out of the banks
-They closed all of the banks down and they were given inspections
-Banks were being allowed reopened within 3 days if they were financially sound
-For the most part, banks did reopen
-Another part of this was to restore confidence so people would put their money back into banks
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):
-Started in 1933
-The headquarters were in Washington DC
-It was an independent agency that protected funds deposit place in banks and saving associations
-The funds that you placed into a bank will never be lost
-It was their job to protect the money that you put in
-It helped anyone that put money into an american bank
-As long as it is backed by the US government
-It No depositer has lost money of FDIC insured funds
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):
-May, 12 1933
-It extended relief to farmer borrowers and mortgage creditors
-It raised crop prices
-Limited crop production
-Less crops equal more money because they were overproducing
-They got a farmers check if they did this
-Protected farmers - [rice drops
-Overproduction equals less money
-Farms had less animals because they had to start getting rid of the
-More animals equals less money and less production equals more money
-Only a few farmers throughout the country didn’t take part
-it was declared unconstitutional- cant tax one specific group to pay for another
-The basic program was rewritten and the government still helps out farmers today
Social Security Act:
-It was created in 1935 by FDR
-To help people above the age of 65
-It helped with people who were affected by the industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped
-It was one of the most successful of the new deal programs
-It is still around today, but it is running out of funding
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):
-It started in 1933
-It provided jobs, electricity, and it took care a lot of problems that were occuring in the tennessee river valley.
-It was successful because it provided jobs and it reduced flooding, deforestation, and erosion.
-they taught better farming methods and built dams and operated the already existing wilson dam
-It was not successful because 3500 people lost their homes in the rebuilding of the norris dam.
-It flooded 239 acres.
-It is still around today.
-It is the nation's largest public power provider
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):
-started in 1938
-The maximum amount of hours that were allowed to work is 40 hours
-The maximum wage was 40 cents an hour
-Kids were not allowed to work, it was prohibited
-Overtime pay
-Full time and part time
-It was very successful and it is still around today
Federal Securities Act:
-1933
-Created a uniform set of rules to protect investigators against fraud.
-The act took away power from the states and into the hands of the federal government.
-had 2 main goals
-To ensure more transparency in financial statements so investors can make informed decisions about investments
-To establish laws against misinterpretation and fraudulent activities in the securities markets.
-The legislation addressed the need for better disclosure by requiring companies to register with the securities and exchange commission.
-It was successful because there was no strike against it.
-The nation’s securities market flourished, and became a worldwide model.
-It made the stock market a much safer place
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act:
-It gave the U.S. the power to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics.
-It started in 1938
-It started because people would sell misbranded foods and adulterated food.
-Hazardous consumer items remained on the market legally.
-It made food better/safer for people and it put directions on drugs for how much you need
-It seized unsafe and misbranded foods
-The government collected and examined the products as part of cosmetic plant inspections.
Farm Security act:
-1937
-Helped with rural rehabilitation, farm loans, and helped to get famers back on their feet and have a safe household
-Helped farmers purchase equipment and things that they needed
-It helped provide the families with education and healthcare
-Gave loans out
-It took photographs to show that farmers were actually struggling
-It gave jobs to those photographers
-They took people from the city and move them into cooperative farmsteads and basically told them to farm, and it did not go very well because they did not know the trade.
Civil Works Administration (CWA):
-It started in 1933
-It started because there was too many people who didn’t have jobs -unemployed
-It was a short term deal. It was only meant to get people through the winter
-New roads, new levees, new water mains, improved schools, and new or improved airports.
-It was very successful.
-2 months after the start it had over million people on its payroll
-It was recreated in the form of the works progress administration because it was only meant to be short term and it cost a lot of money.
-It ended because it had done its job
United States Housing Authority (USHA):
-The new deal was more concerned with helping mortgages, but this one is a bit different
-Couldn’t use over 10% budget on any state
-It was very hard for units to be built because of lots of legal complications and people you needed to go through and legal documents
-The success of it was very limited.
-Only 221 local authorities were actually created
-Less than 150,000 buildings were built
-Building rate decreased even more as the budget was cut
-The federal succession happened
-It got replaced by the public housing administration.
-it was superseded by the department of housing and urban development and that is what is still around today.
-It was the first that was concerned with urban housing.
-Cleared a lot of slums out.
-It helped some people, but not that many
-It suffered from insufficient funding
Federal Housing Administration:
-1934
-People needed homes, but they didn’t have the money to buy them
-People that qualified were able to take out home mortgage loans from banks
-It helped people with payments
-People wouldn’t have to pay as much up front
-And they would have longer to pay it off
-It was successful and it wasn’t
-It made it easier for the average american to buy a home, but it had a history of not charging enough
-It is still around today.
-You still need to qualify for it
Securities and Exchange Commision (SEC):
-controls on issuing and trading of securities were nonexistent
-They had to regulate the commerce in stocks, bonds, and other securities.
-Regulate exchangers, brokers, and over the counter markets
-Required public corporations to register their stock sales and distribution, and make regular financial disclosures.
-Ended the practice of using holding companies to obscure the intertwined ownership of utility companies
-The Public Utility Holding act
-it maintained order in the stock market
-it is still up and running today to restore investor confidence and it is also protecting investors during the regulation and enforcement of securities laws.
-it was successful because it contributes to today's high living lifestyle
-Because of it, there is little chance that we will ever have a depression again
Indian Reorganization Act:
-It gave indians more control over what they wanted
-Decreased federal control of american indian affairs
-increasing self government and responsibility
-Gave land back
-It helped the Native Americans and the Alaskan Indians
-It has not ending.
-Many people are not sure if the Native Americans want it to end because they did not want it at first.
-It is still around, but people believe that people that it isn’t doing anything and they don’t want it.
-It wasn’t exactly successful because they didn’t want it because it treated them separately
-They couldn’t govern themselves.
Homeowner Loan Corporation:
-1933
-Founded by Franklin Roosevelt
-It came from the Home Owners Loan Corporation act
-The government sponsored the corporation
-It started because many people were facing losing their home because of unemployment and wage reductions
-The requirements were that borrowers had to make down payments averaging around 35% for loans lasting only five to ten years.
-It helped people stabilize the real estate that decreased during the depression
-Also helped refinance the mortgage debt people already had.
-It helped them with long term mortgage loans to over 1 million homeowners facing the loss of their property.
-It gave over a million people money to help pay for their mortgage so it was successful.
-It was around for like 20 years, but it ended because people still couldn’t keep their mortgages paid and their houses were foreclosed. They didn’t have the money to keep in going anymore.
-It helped anyone that was facing problems in their mortgages
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act:
-It was all about fighting back about the dust bowl
-Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production sa as to “conserve soil” and prevent erosion.
-It was passed in response to the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) being unconstitutional
-IT educated farmers on how to use their lands without damaging them
-Took immediate action to contain the Dust Bowl’s effects by planting trees and native grass
-3 years after it was passed, erosion dropped 65%, so it was quite successful.
World War II:
Axis Powers:
Japan:
-Japan was starting to get aggressive in 1931
-May/June 1942- turning point- battle of midway
-December 7, 1941 is a day that will live in infamy
-Japan was a very agricultural country
-They decided to change the course of their history- they very quickly industrialised themselves.
-Japan was on our side in WWI
-They took over islands.
-(Know a few of the places that Japan took over)
-Area that were attacked, but not conquered: Australia, British Columbia (canada), Kohima and Manipur (India), Colombo and Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), Dornod (Khalkhin Gol, Mongolia), United States (California, Hawaii, and Oregon).
Japan in the 1920s:
-They joined the league of nations
-They signed the 4, 5, and 9 Power pacts
-4 power pact- US, GB, France, and Japan would respect each others possessions in the pacific.
-5 power pact- US, GB, France, Italy, and Japan would limit naval size.
-9 power pact- US, GB, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, and China agree to the Open Door Policy and guarantee chinese independence.
-Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact- a deal to outlaw war
because of the great depression and the high tariffs, they were struggling, so they then broke all the promises that they made.
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria:
-They were in need of resources, and raw materials (Iron, oil, coal, etc.) and Manchuria had those things.
-Japan needed new markets and Manchuria offered new markets
-They invaded Manchuria
-The League of Nations condemned the action but could not enforce its authority as it had no military force.
-The message sent to aggressive countries was that a major power could get away with using force because Great Britain and France did not want war.
-Japan dropped out of the League of Nations shortly after invasion.
-Japan used Manchuria as a base, but they also used japan to launch naval attacks as well.
The Rape of Nanking:
- A mass killing of Chinese people (up to 300,000)
- Mass raping of Chinese women and girls
- Mass looting and arson
-Some in Japan have denied that the military killed civilians for no reason
-Still causes tension between the two countries today
-There was a war crimes trial after the war to try Japanese soldiers for participation
-Overall, throughout WWII, Japan killed almost 6,000,000 people--Chinese, Indonesians, Koreans, Filipinos, Indochinese, Western prisoners of war, etc.
Quarantine Speech- 1937:
-FDR speech
-The peaceful nations must come together and quarantine the aggressive countries of the world.
-We didn’t do a whole lot to stop the problems, we just acknowledged them
Panay Incident:
-American gunboat attacked on river in china
- 3 US troops killed, 45 wounded
-Japan said it was an accident, apologized and paid the US money
-Worsened US-Japanese relations
Tripartite Pact is signed forming Axis Powers- 1940:
-Japan is part of the axis powers
Axis powers:
-Main powers- Germany, Italy, and Japan
-Other powers- Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Thailand, and Hungary
Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact:
-The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to not fight one another in April, 1941
-Japan considered breaking this once Germany (their ally) invaded the USSR in June, 1941, but did not.
-The USSR broke this treaty when they declared war on Japan in August 9, 1945.
The Road to Pearl Harbor:
-Emperor Hirohito- he was above politics
-Hideki Tojo is the guy who would do the day to day stuff with the military
-Those two men were the two that ultimately signed off on Pearl Harbor.
-Eventually Hideki Tojo was captured by the US and he tried to commit suicide, only to be saved by the US doctors and then executed.
-Admiral Yamamoto is the man that came up with the plan for pearl harbor.
Basics of Pearl Harbor Attack:
-Date- December 7, 1941
-It was on an early sunday morning (7:40 AM and 8:50 AM)
-There was a third attack planned, but they decided to not go through with it.
-Location- Pearl Harbor - Hawaii territory
-War results-
- Japanese major victory
- U.S. declaration of war on Japan
- Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. (Tripartite Pact)
- U.S. declares war on Germany and Italy
-Battle results-
- All eight U.S. navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk
- 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, an anti-aircraft ship and one minelayer ship were sunk or damaged
- 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed (Pacific Fleet)
-Deaths-
- 2,402 killed
- 1,282 wounded
Pearl Harbor Propaganda:
-Pearl Harbor was used in propaganda to get people to buy war bonds
-Remember Pearl Harbor was one of the most patriotic songs during World War II.
-It was played at family and religious gatherings throughout the country
World War II movie discussion
World War II Weapons
Why did Japan attack pearl harbor?
-After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading oil with japan.
-Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war.
-Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
-Only war to force US hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack, forcing them out of the war
-they knew it was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat the US.
-Plan backfired
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