Presentations again. I'll finally do mine. Test next Monday, so there's no assigned blog this week.
Notes:
5-1: Cultures Clash on the Prairie
-Plains Indians
-lived in Great Plains
-4 importand tribes: Dakota, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Comanche
-Buffalo were important to Indians
-used buffalo for all basic needs
-teepees used because they were easy to put up and take down
-bow and arrow
-never killed more buffalo than needed
-believed in many gods
-powwows were celebrations to the Great Spirit
-headpieces represented bravery, each time they killed someone, a feather was added
-got first horses from the Spanish
-horses made hunting buffalo easier, along with travel
-small family groups
-children taught life lessons through stories and legends told by grandparents
-grandparents took care of kids while parents worked
-young women taught to sew, decorate moccasins and cook
-roles of women were to put up and take town teepees, raise children, prepare food, prepare skins, and gather berries and plants
-settlers pushed Plains Indians farther and farther West.
-whites made trails through Indian's land and killed their buffalo
-forced onto reservations far from their homes
-Gold Rush of 1858
-drew people from all over the world
-had mining grounds on Native American land
-American settlers learned how to handle large herds of cattle from the Mexicans
-demand for beef skyrocketed after the Civil War
-Vaqueros were to first to wear spurs, chaps, and such
-Chisholm Trail is a major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas through Oklahoma, to Kansas
5-1 continued
-Treaty of Fort Laramie: Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River, was forced upon them in 1868
-Red River War: 1874-85 between Kiowas and Comanches
-small battles with few casualties
-U.S. army general ordered to destroy their villages and ponies, kill and hang warriors, bring back all women and children
-Gold Rush: started with Colonel Custer's expedition of 1874, people flocked to find riches, few prospered
-Custer's Last Stand: he took his 7th calvary into Little Bighorn, split up group, sent 175 soldiers with Reno to attack the village, Custer planned to meet the other group in the center of the village, but was instead met by hundreds of Indian Braves, he lost half of his men, remaining men were killed on Custer's Hill
-Battle of Wounded Knee: new 7th calvary took 350 starved Sioux people up to camp in December of 1890, asked indians to hand over weapons, and after refusing, they were all killed
-A Day in the Life of a Cowboy;
-work 10-14 hrs a day on the ranch
-trail herding cattle, cowboys worked 14 or more hrs a day
-youngest cowboys about 15 and done by 40
-not like cowboys in western films
-many African American and Hispanic cowboys
-started cattle drive with round-up in the spring
-sorted and branded them at this time
-Long Drive: route from Texas to the mid-west
5-2: Settling the Great Plains
-1850-1871: government gave land grants to railroads equaling 170,000,000 acres
-first transcontinental railroad went across North America
-by 1880, there was about 90,000 miles of railroad in the U.S.
-railroad workers were treat poorly and had to work in harsh environments
-Homestead Act: gave settlers up to 160 acres of land, but you had to 1.File and application, 2. Improve the land, and 3. File for deed of title
-exodusters: African Americans who moved from post reconstruction area to Kansas. They took adv. of this act
-rich land speculators also took advantage of this act (loopholes)
-Nathaniel Langford and Henry Washburn appealed to the government to preserve wildlife and not allow settlers to move further west. Closed Frontier.
-Homes: dugouts- dug out of hills, had stove pipes. soddies- built out of sticks and dirt or mud, many pests (snakes and mice), built on flat land. Pioneers used land to build, both generally warm in winter and cool in summer, leaked bad or flooded in heavy rains
-women's work: took care of housework and children, sheared sheep for wool to make clothing, canned fruits and veggies, washed clothes, milked cows, harvested animals
-John Deere became famous for the steel plow
-Cyrus McCormick involved in the process of more efficient and better farming tools
-1837, steel plow. 1841, grain drill. 1847, reaping machine. 1868, John Deere became Deere and company. 1874, barbed wire. 1878, corn binder. 1896, spring-tooth harrow.
5-2 Continued
-Hatch Act: 1887 gave federal land grants to states in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations
-Morrill Act: 1862 land grant set up to establish institutions in each state that would educate people in agriculture, mechanical arts, home economics
-2nd Morrill Act: 1890 stated that states that have separate colleges for different races had to make an equal amount of the funds to be received under the act, any states that had already used up the funds for white schools had to either open their faculty to black students or to provide separately for them
-farmers had to borrow money to pay for new machines, repaid loans with money from crops and such
-went into debt b/c they couldn't find workers, felt threatened from competition of railroads(charged extra), weather, child labor and low wages
5-3: Farmers Unite to Address the Common Problems
-farmers in debt, price of crops were down and land wasn't good for farming
-during Civil War, greenbacks weren't backed up by gold or silver, so it was worthless
-railroads made agreements to raise prices to transport grains, many farmers had to pay mortgage land to pay for crops and seeds
-farmer's alliance: angry farmers, led by Oliver Hudson Kelley
The Rise and Fall of Populism
-Panic of 1893: stock prices reached all time low, high unemployment, caused by American gold loss
-Cross of Gold was a speech given by William Jenning Bryan at the Democratic Convention, known as the greatest speech in political history, issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ration of silver to gold
-Populists were farmers and the common people, political party that tried to help out the common people
-Omaha Platforms: 1. More money supply: wanted inflation, 2. Graduated Income Tax, 3. Federal loan program, 4. 8 hour work day, 5. Restrictions on immigration
6-1: Black Gold and the New Uses of Steel
-Industrial Revolution
-caused by wealth of natural resources, government support for businesses-Laissez-faire, growing urban population: chead labor and markets for new products
-black gold=crude oil, native americans had been using it as medicine for many years, Europeans used Kerosene lamps in 1840's
-abundance of iron and coal
-carbon taken out of iron=steel
-process was simple, but not efficient
-steel used by railroads, farm machines, architects (skyscrapers & bridges)
-Inventions
-Thomas Edison: Electrical Vote Recorder, phonograph, improved light bulb, improved telegraph system, built first commercial power station, invented kinetoscope, has a record-holding number of over 1,000 patented inventions
-Christopher Sholes: typewriter
-Alexander Graham Bell: telephone, photophone, microphone, helped form the National Geographic Society
-lives were changed: electric lights and telephones are everywhere
-typewriter was extremely popular until the computer was invented
-phonograph was the beginning of CDs, cassette tapes, even movies
-6-2: The Age of the Railroads
-businesses needed to get places faster
-1856: reached Misissippi
-Transcontinental Railroad
-CPR lots of Chinese, UPR had Irish workers
-world divided into 24 time zones thanks to Professor C. F. Dowd
-railroads went on their own time, and eventually split into time zones, towns eventually followed
Opportunities and Opportunists:
-new railroads helped new cities develop
-trading through greater distances was now easier and faster
-railroads needed iron, coal, lumber: helped those industries
-George Pullman: made company that sold sleeper rail cars in 1858, very luxurious and clean, made long rides more comfortable, President Lincoln was carried in one of these cars, company ended up being worth $62 million
-Credit Mobilier: construction company that was made by the railroad company to build the Union Pacfic Railroad, company was supposed to build 667 miles of the railroad, but workders charged the railroad company way more money than what the railroad was actually worth; Credit Mobilier or America Scandal of 1872, Union Pacific was on the verge of bankruptcy
The Grange Movement
-farmers had to pay high prices to move the goods they produced
-railroads had the monopoly
-farmers wanted set prices, no choice but to pay up, Grange Movement became legal
-Oliver Hudson Kelley: founded the Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, his farm failed because he didn't make enough profit to keep paying for his products to be transported, goal was to help and unite farmers
-Grange Movement resulted in more respect for farmers, farmers got more education, and prices were set fairly
-Granger Laws: designed to fight railroad abuse, allowed states to set maximum railroad rates
-Interstate Commerce Act: allowed to U.S. government to regulate railroad rates in the states
-Interstate Commerce Commision: travelled to make sure railroads were cooperating with new regulations
6-3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
Was a Scottish immigrant, big steel industry-sold it for a billion dollars, was born poor and worked hard to become one of the richest people in the world, was a philanthropist-gave money away when he died
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
Oil company, richest person in the world at the time, sold things at a loss to get rid of competition, ran his competitors out of business
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Survival of the fittest, biggest businesses did the best and often bought out smaller ones
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Horizontal Integration- company tries to buy out other companies that have a common purpose
Vertical Integration- company buys out its suppliers, transportation systems, etc.
-How did the government try to regulate business?
They did so by putting the Sherman Anti-Trust Act into motion. It was done to break up monopolies.
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
An organization of workers to get better wages and conditions. The more numerous, the more powerful.
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
At first, no. After more people came around to the idea and started joining labor unions, they perservered, survived, and started achieving their goals
7-1: The New Immigrants
-between 1870 and 1920, 20 million Europeans came to the U.S.
-1907: a million people came to U.S. from Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Russia
-came here to escape religious problems and to get away from the King's ways, wanted farm land, independent lives, criminals sometimes were sent over for punishment, first people to settle in America were called Free Thinkers, people came for opportunities
-Chinese went to the west coast in small numbers, between 1851-83, 300,000 Chinese came to the U.S.
-Chinese came here seeking fortune in the Gold Rush, they also helped build the railroads, and sometimes farmed and mined, perhaps other domestic services
-Japanese settled on the west coast, by 1920, over 200,000 Japs lived in California, wanted to escape from poverty and unemployment
-between 1880 and 1920, 260,000 immigrants arrived in the western and southern states, came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, over next 20 years, 700,000 people came to U.S.
-Mexicans came here to find better work, flee from their own political problems, get away from economical crisis, National Reclamation Act of 1902 encouraged Mexicans and others to come to U.S.
-in 1870's, most people came by steamship, ships had disgusting conditions, many diseases, no fresh air or exercise
-Ellis Island was the Chief immigration station, 1892-1954: over 12 million immigrants had passed through, was on the New York Harbor just off the coast of New Jersey, immigrants had to pass inspection, if passed: went to government inspector, there they determined if they met legal requirements to enter U.S.
-to pass government inspection, they had to prove they've never be convicted of a felony, demonstrate they were able to work, and after 1909 they also had to have at least $25 with them
-Angel Island: 2nd largest immigration station, most immigrants here were Asians, fire destroyed it in 1940
-immigrants had to find jobs, homes, and had to adapt to American life, had to learn English
Immigration Restrictions:
-melting pot:mixture of several different races in on country
-Nativism: favoritism toward native-born
-Nativism cause many anti-immigrant groups, which led to immigrant restrictions
-If you weren't white, chances are you were looked down on.
-WASP: White Anglo-Saxon Protestand
-Nativism also happened with religion, such as Jews
-Anti-Asian Sentiment: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 1905: Asiatic Exclusion League
-Gentlemen's Agreement: 1907-08, Japan's government agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order
7-2: Immigration and Urbanization
-immigrants came here to get away from potato famine, job shortages, to be free, and to escape from discrimination
-Americanization Movement took place during this time, this movement was to help Americanize immigrants
-urbanization occurred rapidly
-transportation: migrating was hard in the early 1800's because of lack of transportation, the invention of steamships allowed more immigrants to come to America
-industrialization: jobs easier to find, no restrictions against immigrants coming here
-potato famine: why most Irish came here, 1845, fungal disease found in potato crops
-less farmers were needed as more farm supplies were invented
-programs in schools taught our ways, such as English lit, cooking skills, history and traditions
-immigrants didn't want to give up traditions
-racial tension between whites and blacks
-Settlement House Movement was started because people wanted the poor to have a larger say in things
-Jane Adams and Ellen Starr set up the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 to help the poor
-Social Gospel Movement said that God wants people to help the poor, had a very large reaction, led to Social Act Movement
-started putting up housing in late 1800's in the slums of town
7-3: Politics in the Guilded Age
-political machine was an organized froup that controlled activites of a political party in a city, they also offered services in exchange for support, happened decades after Civil War, Tammany Hall most famous
-organized like a pyramid: bottom was local workers and captains who reported to a ward boss, ward boss secured votes in all precincts in a ward or electrical district, helped poor and gained their votes, their boss controlled activites of political parties, pyramid split up by power and importance
-role of political boss was to control access municipal jobs and business licenses and influenced courts
-bosses could provide government support for new businesses, they solved problems to gain support and votes
-many bosses were first or second generation immigrants, few knew grammar, helped immigrants get full citizenship, housing and jobs
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