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Architecture of the Golden Age of the Athenians
- Key Buildings-
- Acropolis- main group of buildings in Athens that looked over the city.
- Sacred area that’s one of the most recognizable monuments in the world.
- Acropolis-
- 9 years to build, completed in 438 B.C., cost 3 billion in today’s money.
- The Paratheon and other buildings on acropolis were all built between 460 and 430 B.C. under leadership of Pericles.
- Used for political and cultural achievements.
- Paratheon-
- Over 3 billion in today’s money, built between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C.
- One of biggest construction projects of the ancient world.
- The Porch of Caryatids-
- 6 columns holding up roof.
- All female figures were each sculpted differently and engineered so that their slender necks could take the weight of the roof and still look real and elegant.
- Started 421 B.C. completed 406 B.C.
- Cost 130 million.
- Greek Art-
- Most divine, complex structures of this time and the structures of the Athenian Acropolis.
- Earliest of these are the Paratheon sculptures in time soon became a church.
- Built between 442 and 432 B.C.
- Purpose-
- Buildings were built to show cultural and political achievements of Athens
- Others were used to honor gods and goddess- Athena.
- Goddess Nike also had buildings.
- Some buildings were used for political gatherings.
- Athens had walls that would surround the city protecting and defense.
- Used for many reasons- praise/worship, buy/sell items, drama, education, law making.
- The Paratheon-
- Famous buildings to worship goddess- Athena.
- Temple to honor and praise.
- Celebrate ending of Athens’ war with Persia.
- The Agora-
- Town’s people come to buy/sell goods.
- Market place, food and household items.
- Theater of Dionysus-
- Meant for dramatic plays.
- Social life- many big events, pure comedy.
- Either you were an actor or you watched.
- Gymnasium-
- Children would go to get education.
- 6 or 7 homes go to school.
- Boys/girls separate.
- Parents had to pay for private school.
- Big, all kids went.
- Pnyx-
- Athenians go to building to gather around and decide on laws and rules of town.
- Key Players-
- Pericles’s plan for Athens was to get the greatest Greek architects to build things like Paratheon.
- Socrates-
- Lived 470-399 B.C.
- Son of a sculpture.
- Served in army during Spartan clash.
- Short and stout- not handsome.
- Attracted to a young boy soldier.
- Plato-
- 437-347 B.C.
- Prized student in philosophy.
- Pirates captured him.
- Plato made a school in 386 B.C. on property friends bought him.
- Aristotle-
- 384-322 B.C.
- Born- Stagira- small Greek colony.
- Scientist and philosopher, loved nature.
Military and Delian League
- Tactics-
- Phalanx-
- Used in battle of marathon around 500 B.C.
- Major downside- used against cavalry.
- Horses in cavalry could ride around and attack weak side.
- Athenians used mountains and natural habitat to protect weak side.
- Naval warfare-
- Used in Peloponnesian war.
- Shipped grain and food into city.
- Used ships called trireme.
- Fought by ramming and boarding enemy ships.
- Major naval force.
- Pericles-
- Politician- democrat.
- General, Athenian.
- Ruled Athens from 461-429 B.C.
- Led victories in Peloponnesian and Persian wars.
- Socrates-
- Philosopher, Athenian.
- Scrutinized Athens, praised Sparta.
- Not well liked for that reason.
- Plato-
- Student of Socrates.
- Write dialogues that contain most of Socrates ideas.
- Aristotle-
- Student of Plato.
- Teacher of Alexander the Great later in life.
- Archimedes-
- Well known mathematician.
- First to calculate pi.
- Pythagoras-
- Developed Pythagorean Theorem.
- Delian League-
- Coalition of Greek States and Athenians.
- Founded in 478 B.C.
- Under control of Athens.
- Headquarters in Delos.
- What did it do?
- Goals- free Ionian Greeks from Persia and protect Aegean Sea.
- Use sea power.
- Athens was the leader.
- Persia was run out of the Aegean Sea.
- Famous Battles-
- Persian War.
- Major battles- Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.
- Marathon-
- 25,000 Persians met 10,000 Athenians.
- Persians fled.
- 6,000 Persians died very few Athenians died.
- Thermopylae-
- 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans.
- Stood up to Persians for a long time.
- Persians found a way around the mountain.
- Spartans let Greeks flee and stayed to fight.
- All 300 died.
- Salamis-
- Greeks abandon Athens.
- Fought with naval forces.
- Destroyed most of Persian fleet.
- Formed Delian League to protect Greece.
- Peloponnesian War-
- 431-404 B.C.
- Battle of Pylos.
- 425 B.C.
- Athenian naval forces were attacking Zacynthus.
- Spartan troops decided to attack walled city called Pylos.
- Pylos-
- Over 2,000 Spartan troops.
- Tried attacking sea side wall.
- Spartans failed to capture Pylos before Athenian naval fleet could return.
- Tried blocking harbor.
- Weapons and Armor-
- Swords, iron knives- not bronze, arrowheads, sling bullets- steel and clay, shield- bronze, archery, spears.
- Who participated in the army?
- Had to meet certain requirements.
- Male, 18 or older, own land, have the mandatory 2 years military training.
- This system is much different than the old ways.
- Old ways-
- Rich, had to buy your weapons, poor man could not afford to ight in the war, resulted in rather small army sizes.
- Different kinds of soldiers-
- From 18-60 all physically fit men went to military.
- Most of the soldiers were the heavily armored infantry called hoplites.
- Young ephebes- adolescent males trained for 2 years in barracks then went home until there was a time for more soldiers.
- Hoplite attendants-
- Light armors men usually poor citizens or trusted slaves.
- Most of the other wealthier citizens that could raise their own horse were part of the cavalry corps.
- Scythian police
- If they only needed a small force they would take the people from 20-24 years old.
- If crisis, they would summon everyone even elderly.
- The hoplite attendants carried the hoplite’s shield and other supplies of theirs until they fought.
- The peltast were lightly armored.
Geography-
- Sea-
- Greece borders the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, the East Mediterranean Sea.
- Thought the sea was a beautiful element,
- Gained many things- a freedom, environment.
- Shipping people traveled where they could always see land.
- Land-
- Longest river in Greece- Aliakmon.
- Riverbeds tend to dry up.
- Grew barley- growing of barley was less demanding and more productive.
- Olive plantations.
- Grapes were very popular in Greece because of rock y soil.
- Houses on the land were made of wood as well as wagons.
- Goats and sheep were the most common animals in Greece.
- Provided fur, milk, and meat.
- Chicken and geese were raised and eaten.
- Oxen were on the land but rare.
- Donkeys and mules used for traveling.
- Climate-
- Mild rainy winters.
- Relatively warm and dry summers.
- Lots of sunshine all through the year.
- Mountains adjust to the climate changes,
- Winters in the mountains can be rigorous and snowy.
- Ancient Greek trade and colonization.
- Important role as the furthest outpost of Greek culture.
- Bronze, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, sine, textiles.
- Luxury items and exotic raw materials.
- Farming-
- Little soil and farmland.
- 20% of land.
- Grain crops were planted in Oct. and harvested in April or May.
- Main crop- barley.
- Ancient Greek Agriculture-
- Diet based on cereals.
- Home to many Olive trees- oil, fruit.
- Augmented by vegetable gardens and orchards.
- Farming-
- Small farming villages were set up by people who came from the North.
- Average holding size was 5.6.
- Mining-
- Silver production was high.
- Decline of mines came during the Peloponnesian War- 30 year civil war between Athens and Sparta.
- Natural Resources-
- Iron, bronze, flax, clay, timber, grain-wheat and barley, animals-hare boar, leather, wool.
- How land affected battles-
- Thermopylae-
- Narrow coastal pass.
- Not near sea.
- Phalanx in between the pass.
- Salamis-
- Took place on Salamis Island.
- Located in Saranac Gulf.
- Greeks fought with ships.
- 366 guarded.
- Greeks held off well with the help of the gulf.
- Peloponnesian War-
- Southern Europe.
- Bordering Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and Mediterranean.
- Sea helped both.
- Different jobs-
- Farmers-
- Grew enough to support their families.
- Sometimes grew a small surplus to sell at local market.
- Greek Blacksmiths-
- Used iron ore to create swords, plow, axes, and other tools.
- Used billows made of animal skin to low air into their fires to produce heat needed to work with the metal.
- Craftsman-
- Most shops in Greece were family owned and small.
- Specialize in their work depending on the size of the city where they worked.
- Beds, plows, door frames.
- Doctors-
- Field of medicine combined science and religious beliefs.
- Medicine during this time was limited in its ability to cure diseases.
- Induced vomiting and sweating to get 4 humors back.
- Merchants-
- Traders in Greece.
- Owned boats or rented cargo space on their boats,
- Known as metrics, often foreigners, many risks.
- Good profit possibilities.
- Bankers-
- Changed money from other city states into local currency.
- Often loaned money for trading voyages.
Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates
- Aristotle-
- Greek philosopher- name means best purpose.
- Very important founding person in Western philosophy.
- Wrote about physics, poetry, theatre, music, logics, politics, government, ethics.
- Born- 384 B.C. North Greece
- Died- 322 B.C.
- Married Pythias- adopted daughter of Hermias.
- First trained in medicine.
- 18 went to Plato’s academy in Athens.
- Studied philosophy with Plato.
- Traveled to Asia with Hermias to study biology.
- Traveled to Lesbos to research island’s plants and zoology.
- Wrote about philosophies.
- Taught Alexander the Great.
- Advanced- physics and astronomy.
- Plato
- Born- 428 B.C.
- Original Aristocles, wrestling coach called him Platon
- 2 brothers, 1 sister.
- Father died when young, mom remarried.
- Outstanding in sports, music, academics.
- During war with Sparta won the Athenian prize for bravery.
- Studied music at the gym.
- Student of Socrates in 407
- Believed that justice is the most important virtue.
- Developed foundations of metaphysics and epistemology by studying doctrines of Cratylus
- Died- 347 B.C. - either died in bed while a girl played the flute or at a wedding feast.
- Thought most people were stupid.
- Taught Aristotle.
- Wrote The Republic.
- Contributions in philosophy, math, and science.
- Believed the best and brightest should rule government.
- Thought all people should be educated.
- Socrates-
- Classical Greek philosopher.
- Known for contributions to ethics.
- Born in Athens 469-399 B.C.
- Military at age 18 hoplite soldier in Peloponnesian War against Sparta.
- Completed 2 works of sculpture.
- People were charmed by his wit and his kindly disposition.
- Served on legislative council of 500.
- Accused of atheist and corrupting the youth of Athens, accepted the death penalty, but drank poison and died.
- Obsessed over the truth and how to find it.
- Committed suicide by force.
- Known for devotion to ethics, method of reasoning, linking knowledge with happiness, rationalism- find truth through reasoning.
- Teaching method- Problem/Question.
- Socratic Method-
- Scientific method.
- Pretended to know nothing to get answers.
- Definition, analysis.
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