WW1 Project Ch. 11-Treaty of Versailles and the failure of US to pass it
Today, we chose who was doing what for their project.
We also took tests, and I am taking the written test.
-Describe Native American culture.- hunters and gatherers, they were given horses, wars broke out due to tribes trespassing on their land. they lived in small extended family groups, men trained to be hunters and warriors, women butchered game and prepared hides, children were taught through storytelling and examples, tribes wer never controlled by one person it was more like a council.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?- they were looking for gold, silver, and other riches, they thought native americans had no right to the land.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?- they wanted native americans to be more like the Americans, assimilation means "americanizing" so they gave 160 acres land to the head of each household and 80 acres of land to each unmarried adult. Extra land was sold to settlers and money given to native americans.
-Describe a cowboy's life.-most cowboy's worked on ranches, they would start working at age 15 and keep working until age 40 or so, worked 10-14 hrs on ranches, or 14+ hours on cattle trails, they would round up as many longhorns as possible, they would keep the horses fenced in until they would rather eat than run away.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?- The homestead act offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen who was head of the household, 600,000 families took the chance with this act, 10% of land was actually setteld by families, Iowa & Minnesota, was enough but in the west they needed more for farming.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?- droughts, lack of water, floods, fire, blizzards, insects, locust plagues, native american or outlaw raids, crop growing, women would work beside their husbands.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?- machinery was expensive so they had to borrow money.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?- farmers were trapped in an economic cycle, crop prices were falling so they had to mortage their farms so they could buy more land to plant more crops, farmland became scarce.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?- they demanded reforms to lift bevt of farmers/other workers and a greater voice in government. They believed in and increased money supply, graduated income tax, federal loan program, single terms for presidents, secret ballot, 8 hour work day, restriction on immigration.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?- natural resources, govt. support of business (laissez-fairre, they government is going to let the businesses do what they please), growing urban population which supplied cheap labor and markets for new products, availability of oil, steel, coal, and iron.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?- Internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phonograph, light bulb, radio, motion pictures, x-ray.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?- easier to get to the west, brought available land, adventure, a new start, helped develop the country we have today, trade (products and people)
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?- farmers were upset because of misuse of the land grants, railroad land was supposed to be given to farmers but it was given to other railroad companies, railroad companies would also enter in formal agreements for fixed prices which kept farmers in debt.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?- Granger laws were set up in response to the abuses by the railroads, government fought against railroads by making laws, The interstate commerce act fought back against the railroads in order to regulate the railroads.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.- born in scotland, moved to USA when he was 12, by 18 he had a job as a personal secretary, single handedly untangle d a snare of passenger and freight trains, led to his first stcok, given to him by Thomas A. Scott, Carnegie hall was named after him, he made his own steel company named Carnegie Steel in 1899, opened his first steel mill in 1875.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.- born in richford NY, raised money growing up by raising turkeys and doing household chores, by 16 he had his first job an assistant book keeper at a library, showed early signs of a business man, his dad said he cheats his boys whenever he can so he can teach them what will happen in the real world. Rockefeller Center was named after him.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?-basically the process of natural selection applied to business, Herbert Spencer was the first man to apply the process to business, he used it to explain how human society was evolving, eventually people started using it to justify the doctrine of Laissez Faire .
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).- vertical-buying your own products to control transportation and raw materials. horizontal-combining with companies making similar products(microsoft combined with apple). trusts-synonym for monopolies. These strategies became key in the success of another business man.
-How did the government try to regulate business?- the sherman anti-trust act, the doctrine of Laissez Faire, which stated the market place couldn't be regulated because it was controlled by natural law, this was supported by many people including William G. Sumner, a professor at yale
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?- groups of workers joining together for a certain cause, goal was to get better working conditions, fewer hours, and better pay. They wanted to get better working condition especially for kids, on average 675 people died each WEEK, 20 % of boys and 10% of girls ages 5-15 years old had to work in factories with absolutely horrible working conditions.
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.- they did not succeed at first because nobody took them seriously, sometimes the boss said that they would "blacklist" them which is they would never be able to get a job anywhere else because they would have a bad reputation. The Wobblies "international workers of the world"
Ch.7-1
Where did immigrants come from?- Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, China, Japan, Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico.
What problems did immigrants face on the trip over and when they got to America?- when they traveled by steamship, they were rarely allowed on deck and crowded together unable to exercise or catch a breath of fresh air, they slept in lice-infested bunks, share toilets with many other people, disease spread quickly, some died before reaching America. Once they got to America-they felt a lot of anxiety because they didn’t know if they were going to be let into the new world because they had to pass through immigration stations. On Angel Island, they had to wait in filthy buildings and go through harsh questioning, they had to find a place to live, get a job, get along in daily life even though they couldn’t understand the people because they spoke a different language and had a different culture.
Why did some people put restrictions on immigration?- they felt that the immigrants were taking jobs from the americans because the immigrants would take lower wages.
What were those restrictions?- In 1882 congress passed the 10 year Chinese Exclusion Act which banned entry to all Chinese except for students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. In 1906, the board of education in San Francisco seperated Japanese children from American children, and put them in seperate schools.
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?- people were moving from the country to the cities, farmers moved to the cities from losing their jobs,
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?- housing-in 1879 NYC passed law, airshafts, garbage pickup, plumbing, they would get diseases from their water so the filtration system was introduced in 1870's, sanitation-sewage, manure, smoke, garbage(everyone threw their garbage in the streets) Fire-no water, houses made of wood, candles caused fire
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?- Jane Adams-she would join a settlement house because workers would know how to help the problems in the city, Adams was a spokesperson for racial justice, and in 1931 whe was the co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, The Social Gospel Movement, and organization that preached salvation to the people, this group tried to reach out to the people that were living in poverty.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?- a political machine is an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party and also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support, was organized like pyrimad, base-local worker and captains who gained voters support, ward bosses helped the poor to gain their vote, city boss who controlled activities for the political party, political boss was the head of the political machine,
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.- William Tweed or “Boss Tweed” became the head of Tammy Hall, New York’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868, around 1869 he led a group known as the Tweed Ring, which was a corrupt group of politicians, tweed was accused of 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years in jail later reduced to 1 year, after he left he was arrested for another charge and escaped during his second sentence.
What caused all this corruption in government?- The kickback, is when the government would overcharge taxpayers. Patronage or spoil system- the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a canidate get elected.
What laws came about to reform government?-Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883- authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on canidates performance on an examination (they had to prove themselves and pass an examination before getting a government job)
Ulysses S. Grant-Status quo , Rutherford B. Hayes-Reform , James Garfield-was status quo but turned Reform , Chester Arthur-was Status quo, but changed to reform , Grover Cleveland-Reform , Benjamin Harrison-Status Quo , Grover Cleveland-Reform and William Mckinley- Status quo
were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
-Stalwarts=status quo(keep things how they were-white rich males). Half Breeds=reform(wanted to help the common people).
The Gilded Age- gilded means “to be covered with gold” on the outside things looked great, but on the inside things were very good. A period of time where things looked good on the inside, but were really messed up on the outside.
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?- skyscrapers, electric transit(trolly cars that were pulled by horses, and there were trolly rails that were dug into the ground in the streets), suspended bridges with steel cable, urban parks for large cities, the electrically powered web perfecting press (printed on both sides and cut it, George Eastman introduced his Kodak camera in 1888,
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?- not a lot of school age children received formal schooling, most children went to school but dropped out in 4 years and most didn’t go to high school, some states passed a law that required students b/w 8 and 14 to go to school for 12-16 weeks annually, the curriculum required reading writing and arithmetic, physical punishment and strict rules made most of the students scared and miserable, students started attending school at a younger age, #of kindergarteners went from 200(in 1880) to 3,000(in 1900), 62% of whites went to school, by the 1900’s more than half a million students went to high school, the curriculum expanded to include science and social studies, african americans were pretty much excluded from public education, less than 1% of african americans attended high school in 1890, 2/3 went to private schools, immigrants were encouraged to go to school, about 10 million european immigrants settled in the united states, immigrants mostly sent their children to america’s free public schools, The Catholics were concerned about their language because most public school systems had bibles written in the King James Version, Catholic Community schools gave their children a Catholic Education, Adult immigrants went to night school so they could learn english and become an american citizen, not all of high school students actually received their diploma,
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?- blacks couldn’t vote and they had to pass a literacy test(be able to read and write), poll tax (you had to pay it each year so you could vote), the grandfather clause was passed which said, that if you couldn’t read or write or pay the tax, you could still bote if your grandfather or father had been able to vote, Segregation laws-whites and blacks were seperated in public areas, these laws were called Jim Crows Laws after a popular song that ended with jump, Jim Crow.
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.- It split our country between blacks and whites (ruled that segregation was legal, and it ruled against the 14th amendment-no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.)
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.- amusement parks, bycycling, tennis, spectator sports, baseball, fine arts, fiction books, urban shopping, department stores
Ch. 9.1
The Progressive Era-A period of time when our country made a lot of progress helping out the common person.
-Define the Progressive Era^ and why it started(goals).- protecting social welfare-soften conditions of industrialization, promoting moral improvement- improving the lives of the poor people and immigrants, creating economic reform-socialism which is the economic system the government owns and controls capital and sets prices and production levels, fostering efficiency-made society and workplaces more efficient.
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?-the banning of alcohol, prohibitionists feared that alcohol was undermining the American morals, Women’s Christian Temperance Union(WCTU)- started the act for prohibition, Carrie Nation’s Hatchitations (would use a hatchet to go around bars and
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.- Young Man’s Christian Association (YMCA) opened libraries sponsored classes and built handball courts, The Salvation Army,
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?- banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (ban alcohol)
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?- the economic system the government owns and controls capital and sets prices and production levels, fostering efficiency.
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?- magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of businesses and public life, they changed elections, and reports corrupted dity and state levels. EX- Upton Sinclair
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?-natural disaster, hurricanes, city councils were a huge relief, 5 members took charge and rebuilt the town, formed a government
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?-breaking it down into small parts, assembly lines, increased pay, reduced hours, child labor laws, couldn’t opperate heavy equipment, set maximum hours, National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence and organized exibitions with photos and statistics, joined labor unions.
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?- child labor laws, couldn’t opperate heavy equipment, set maximum hours
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?- Illinois Factory Act-prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours, states banned child labor and set maximum hours(child labor laws)
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?- Illinois Factory Act-prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours,
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?-minimum wage laws were passed so wages went up
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?- 17th amendment, 19th amendment (women’s right to vote), Recall-if someone in state is doing a poor job you could get them recalled(take them out) and get a new election and vote for someone else, Referendum-, Initiative-if the state government is doing you can start a bill and people would vote on it and get the bill passed (the people would do this), Direct Primary-gave more power to the people, Secret Ballot-have a curtain to vote in secret so only you know who you’re voting for
-What did the 17th Amendment do?- it provides for the election of US senators by the people rather than by state legislatures and gave americans more of a voice, laws, election legislators, increased women into the public life
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.-started going to school more(high school and college), working more in the workplace, right to vote (gave them more power)
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.-white women couldn’t understand why black men could vote when white women couldn’t so they really pushed for women’s suffrage,
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.-Susan B. Anthony founded the Nation Women Suffrage Association she was a leader and had her mind set that women could vote,
Ch. 9.3
Trust-Buster-Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were trust-busters which means that they broke up a lot of trusts.
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.-young leader in MY politics, became NY’s police commissioner and assistant secrataryof US navy, fought in the spanish american war, later won governor of NY and then vice president, youngest president at 42 years, made a square deal
-Square Deal-represents a fair bargain explaining all sides of an argument and helped him wint 1904 election (compromise)
-Breaking up strikes-after 5 months coal reserves were low and Roosevelt settled the strike, eventually got 10% raise and 9 hour day but had to give up demand for a closed shop and the right to strike for 3 years
-Regulating railroads-Teddy’s real goal was federal regulation and passed acts to help regulate railroads,
-Regulating food and drugs- Meat Inspecting Act made strict requirements for meatpackers to be more cleanly, the government had to pay for the inspecting and the company did not have to label date-of-processing, Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906 which halted the sale of contaminated food which called for truth in labeling
-Conservation-conserving(saving) natural resources and land, before Teddy nobody paid attention to natural resources, he helped by setting aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land to explore for mineral and water resources, established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks
-Civil Rights- Teddy did not support civil rights for african americans, 1905 had a civil rights conference in Niagra Falls, 1909 African Americans joined with prominent reformers in New York to found the National Association for Advancement of Colored People, it had over 6,000 members
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency- Accomplishments- breaking up many trusts like the Standard Oil, strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act(enforced it and made sure they were being fair), improving the postal service, Passed the Payne-Aldrich Bill. Problems-never wanted to be president, he wasn’t Teddy, promised lower tariffs(didn’t follow through)
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff- was a set of tax regulations, that failed to reduce tariffs on manufactured goods, lowering certain tarrif on goods entering the US, debate over the bill caused the Republicans to split. Republicans split into 2 groups called “Old Guards” and Progressives, Progressives stopped supporting Taft beliefs. That led the split party to lose the 1910 election.
-Land disputes-Gifford pinchot-wilderness areas should have been used for public enjoyment, Rich Billanger removed one million acres of forest and mining land for public use, The Department of The Interior official was fired for going against Billanger’s input, Taft wet with Billanger’s side of the story and Pinchot was fired
-Breaking up trusts- means-trying to remove monopolies, Taft broke up the Standard Oil trust
-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited-
-Break-up of the Republican Party-Teddy starts another party called the “bull moose” party and split the votes with Taft
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.- Taft was republican, Wilson was Democrat, Roosevelt had his own group “The Bull Moose Party”, Eugene V. Debs was the Socialist Party. Wilson won with only 42% of the popular vote-promised to break up trusts and to make the social reform expand in the government
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.-Accomplishments- made the national banking system, limited the work day to 8 hours, federal reserve act, lead us in World War One, Federal Trade Commission, enacted his “New Freedom” plan to attack trusts and tariffs. Problems- caused segregation of black and white in D.C. , military, and the federal government
-Breaking up trusts- Clayton Anti Trust Act- was to prohibited corporations from performing a monopoly and if a company violated this law officers could be prosecture, this act was to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust act, it also specified in trying to help the labor unions and farm organizations, it also made strikes boycotts and peaceful picketing illegal
-Underwood Tariff-it reduced the overall tariff to approximately 25%, eliminated the tax entirely on steel, wool, clothing, and sugar and created a federal income tax
-16th Amendment-allows congress to tax citizens to the government can make money, larger income tax rate were taxed higher then lower income rates, the government was receiving more money from taxes then they had ever got from tariffs
-Federal Reserve System-(controls intrest rates, and it is a bankers bank), allows private banking system under federal control, federal banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, this saved a lot of people from losing their money and having the banks close
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson-Wilson promised to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching, the federal antilynching legislation failed and Washington DC was segregated
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