On this day, we continued presentations, starting with Chapter 8 Section 1:Ch. 8.1:-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems? Brooklyn Bridge built in 1883. Connected New York City to the Island of Manhattan. Elevators and steel skeletons in skyscrapers. Streetcars were powered by underground cables. Railroads developed suburbs around cities, decreasing major uncleansliness in cities. Subways started to be built. Swamps were made into cities. Communication advancement enabled cities to get closer together. 1890, literacy rates increased 90%. Books, magazines, and newspapers were highly demanded. The Wright brothers built gliders, combustion engines, and finally an airplane. It turned into the first transcontinental mail service. Flexible film reinvented the way Americans could take pictures. Now journalists could provide pictures along with their stories.Ch. 8.2:-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's? No formal education for many. Many only went for 4 years and never went to high school. In 1865, students had to attend school from ages 8-14 for 12-16 weeks. They were taught reading, math, and writing. Students eventually came at younger ages. Kindergarteners increased after a few years. By 1890's, high schools became more popular. Now they taught additions like sciences. African Americans were mostly excluded. Less than 1% of African Americans attended high school in 1890. No financial support for them. 2 out of 3 African Americans attended private schools. Immigrants were encouraged to go to school (Americanize). Nearly ten million European immigrants settled in the U.S. by 1890. Many students learned a whole bunch by the time one or two years of school had ended. They memorized well. Minority of Americans had diplomas. Only 2.3% of Americans attended college. Thousands of African Americans tried to go to college, and finally because of Freedman's Bureau they could. Booker T. Washington revolutionized African American teaching. W.E.B. Dubois became the first African American to recieve a doctorate.Ch. 8.3:-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended? Voting restrictions. They included a poll tax and tested them with a literacy test. They tried to negate the 15th Amendment. Chinese and Mexicans were hired more than whites, and were discriminated due to it. They took their jobs, and took low wages.-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy refused to move from a white car to a black car, and was arrested. He pleaded not guilty in court and stressed the 13th and 14th Amendments while he was there. Ferguson told the court that the Louisiana railroads had the right to move blacks and whites wherever they wanted them. Plessy was considered guilty. They went to the Superme Court, but he was still guilty. Legal segregation followed.Before we could start Section 4, the bell rang.
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