Ch. 5.1:-Describe Native American culture.before: Plant crops, hung, settle, moved around a lot (nomadic)after: got horses and guns. could travel further, traded, had laws, more nomadic.-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?believed that owning land and making a clam or starting businesses gave them a right to be on that land.found gold/silver. (lived much different then the natives)-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?government passed an act that designated the great plains as one big reservation set aside for native Americans. eventually government set up a treaty that had specific boundaries for each tribe.went to war against the Natives:sitting bull: chief of the souix Indian tribe."custers last stand""battle of wounded knee"assimilation: trying to make the Native Americans like Americans. "dawes act"-Describe a cowboy's life.tended cattle on ranches in North America. 15-40 years old.worked on ranches for 10-14 hours a day.used guns to scare off animals or outlaws.spring roundup-kept animals in a pen to starve them but then let them out to graze so they wouldn't run away.a long drive-took cattle from around Texas to Kansas.Ch. 5.2 Haley (FINALLY):-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?gave people the chance to get some land for freehelped people get placesit was their way of transporting their goods-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?extreme hardship, droughts, floods, fires, locust plagues, weather-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?farmers had trouble with the cost of shipping their grainfarmers found themselves in debt to buy more land to keep up with the rise and fall of wheat pricesnew farm machinery was invented to help speed up the farming, but the machines were to expensive to buyCh. 6.1:-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?discovered natural resources, growing urban population, cheap labor for new products. government support.laissez fairre - means "let alone" in french. government policy that means they're going to let businesses alone to do as they please.-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?Things made by iron, Bessemer-took out impurities by iron.The light bulb. idea by Joseph Swan in 1850 and perfected by Thomas Edison in 1879.Typewriter, invented by Christopher Sholes in 1868. Had all caps letters then eventually current keyboard.Telephone, by Alexander Graham Bell in late 1870's, started by trying to improve the telegraph.Refrigerator.how inventions changed peoples lives? light bulb made things easier, didn't have to worry about fires as much. Electricity became world wide. Telephone made communication easier. Typewriter gave some women more job opportunities for office typing jobs.Ch. 6.2: Zach Anderson-What impact did railroads have on the US?made is so people and goods could move west easier and faster.brought hope to Americans to go westward.veteran soldiers made railroad.way overcharged to the farmers.-Why were many people upset with the railroads?upset by misuse of government land.railroads sold to businesses instead of settlers as the government had told them to.-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?took political action.took state and local political candidatesestablish maximum freight and passenger rates(cost) and charge everyone fairly.railroad influenced industries and business in America.interstate commerce act - tried to stop the giving away of free railroad tickets.grange-farmers that came together to stop railroad over charging.Chapter 6.3-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.born to a poor family in Scotland 1835moved to the us in 1848got his first job when he was thirteen and earned 1.20 per weekbecame private secretary to his local superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroadhis boss gave him a chance to buy stalkhis first check that he earned from investing stocks was for then dollarshe said it was the first amount of money he had not worked for with the sweat of his brow"one of the very first industry moguls that made his own fortuneafter leaving the railroad, he entered the steel businessCarnegie steel company produced more steel that all of Great Britainused vertical and horizontal integration to try and control as much of the steel industry as possiblevertical integration- process of buying out the company's suppliers, such as coal fields, iron mines, and railroadshorizontal integration--buying out other companies that produce the same product in order to eliminate the competition pg 242controlled almost the entire steel industry by using those methods-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.born July 8th 1839second of six childrenstarted first business at 19established the standard oil company in Ohiopaid employees extremely low wagessold oil for much less money that cost to makewhen there were no competitors left, he raised the pricesused trust agreements to merge with other companies-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?thought to scientifically explain Carnegie's successessocial Darwinism- theory based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, natural selection, that says the individuals who have wealth and power possess biological superiority in the struggle for existencethe big businesses that had more money and produced more products would dominate the market-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).trust agreements-trust agreements, or trusts are a type of company merger companies joining to togetherstocks are turned over to a group of trustees who run each company as a large corporationthe companies were entitled to dividends on profits made by the trust-How did the government try to regulate business?the us government started regulating business to try to protect small businessesthe Sherman antitrust act- the first measure to prohibit trustsmade it illegal for companies to form a trust that interfered with the interstate or foreign trade-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?workers were paid very little a week and worked many hoursthe jobs were dangerous in 1882 and an average of 672 workers were killed in work related accidents each weeklarge scale labor unions first formed in 1866labor unions are groups of skilled and unskilled workers that work together to make their working conditions betternational labor union-formed in 1866 by william h sylvishad 640000 memberspersuaded congress to legalize an 8 hour work day for government workersfocused on joining existingworkers would stop working and demand changes by their employersthere are many reason for strikes, wage cuts, danger ,wrongful dismissal of employees, work hourswage cuts were a huge reason for strikeindustrial leaders eventually the Sherman antitrust act against laborall a company would have to do is say the strike is hurting interstate trade and the federal government would shut the strike down-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.yes and no-no earlier on, but labor unions start to win later on. eventually achieved the 8 hour work day and child labor laws, better pay, workmen's compensationHaymarket affairmay 4, 18863000 people gathered at Haymarket square in Chicago to protest police brutalityone protester threw a bomb into the police lineseven police officers and several workers were killed8 radicals were charged and convected with inciting a riotCh. 7.1:Why did immigrants come to the US?religious reasons. for farming, mining, and gold rush.Where did immigrants come from?Europe, china, janpan, jamaica, cuba, puerto rice, and other islands and mexico.What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?croweded,no fresh air, shared insect infested bunks and toilets and disease spread quickly some died before arriving. They had to be inspected before they came at elis island. Angel island had most chineese and japaneese came throgh there rit was a lot worse then elis island. nativists thought there were some counrties that were okay but they had problems with latins and asains. they refused jews to go to coleges. WASP: whites, Anglo, Saxons, Protestant. those people were OK.Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?chineese exclision act. gentel mans agreement.Ch. 7.2Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?mass transit, electric subway, cars.What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?lack of water. fires. crime such as theft.had to rent cramped rooms in tenements.no garbage collection.What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?Settlement house movement (helped serve the poor, sent nurses to homes of sick, provided information.)influenced by the Social Gospel Movement.Jane Addams came up with Hull Houses. wanted better care for infants and elderly.Ch. 7.3 Politics during the gilded age.The Gilded Age-Gilded means "to be covered with gold" means looked great, but really wasn't.1850's. the civil service age. The emergence of the political machines. time when cities experienced rapid growth. the political machine.vocab: graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.the kickback system; political machines were stealing money from people and "kick it back" to other people. they would try to get them to not investigate them by giving them money.-What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?An organized group that controls all activities of a political party in a city. offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. after the civil war political machines took over local governments (were buying peoples votes. gave them jobs if they'd vote for them) organized like a pyramid. top-city bosses. base-local workers and captains. ward bosses and city bosses worked together. there were many immigrants. machines were helping the immigrants a lot to get their loyalty.-Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.Boss Tweed:born in 1823. By 1852 he began to build a power base in Tammany and then was elected into the Democratic Party. Was elected in 1876 for governor of New York and nearly won presidency in the Electoral College. Died in jail in 1878. Tweed and his assistants stole millions of dollars from city treasurer(between 30 and 200 million) Escaped from prison in 1875 and fled to Europe.Tweed Ring Scandal:Defrauded the city, openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption, and controlled New York policies.-What caused all this corruption in government?Dishonest people like Tweed. Patronage/Spoils system(giving people a government job but people only wanted to steal money from the government.)-What laws came about to reform government?Rutherford B. Hayes couldn't convince the congress to support reform.Chester A. Arthur was a stalwart and Chester was shot by a guy that didn't like the idea of reform.When Arthur heard about the shooting, he changed to a reformer from a stalwart.-Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?Ch. 8.1 Nate D.:-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?skyscrapers, building up instead of making them so wide and bigCh. 8.2: Dustin-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?.passed laws requiring students between 8-14 to be in school for at least 12-16 weeks..children attend school at younger age (preschool).1880-1900 kindergarten rose from 200 to 3,000.only %34 of african american attended school..1940 is when school was open to all african americans.highschool.half a million students attended in early 1900's.science, social studies, civicsuniversities.1880-1920 vollege enrollments quadrupled..research university started at this time.law and medical schools estabished.less than %1 african american teenagers attended school because of racism in 1890's.majority of african americans attended private schools..Henry Ford established "sociology department"and wanted people to learn english and american way to live..#of students enrolled at HS but not many diplomas..2.3% Americans young attended colleges and universities.W.E.B. Du Bois was first african american to get a doctorate from Harvard and wanted blacks to get educated too for better jobs and money and wanted some well educated black leaders.Booker T. WashingtonCh. 8.3:-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?.Some states in south limited voting rights to them..Grandfather Clause said if a man failed the literacy test or couldn't pay poll then if his father or grandfather could vote before before January 1, 1867-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.Plessy was white, and wanted to sit in an all white skin railway carriage but was asked to sit with the blacks. Ferguson was the judge and plessy was found guilty. "separate but equal.".Jim Crow laws-black segregation.African Americans were humiliated because of racial etiquette(special respect for white people).if they didn't follow the racial etiquette they could be killed or put in jail.African Americans in the North thought everything was fair when it really wasn't..Mexicans and Chinese were discriminated along with the African Americans in the West..Mexican and Chinese were used to work on railroads because they were used to the heat and temps.Ch. 8.4:-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.Amusement parks, baseball games, bicycle, tennis, (played sports)people shopped by mailnewspaper - mass communicationCh. 9.1-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).1890-1920. when people started making progress.-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?.prohibition is the banning of alcohol. wanted to promote moral improvement..why? feared that alcohol was undermining American morals (women).tactics: Women Christian Temperance Union, anti-saloon league, entered saloons singing and praying, urged people to stop selling alcohol..The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) opened places to help keep men busy-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?.prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import or export of alcohol.women wanted it because they thought alcohol was seen as the breaker up of families.caused abuse-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?.belief and hope that by proper use of government power, men can be rescued in a sense of getting paid better and being paid more fairly compared to the rich..came over with immigrants from Germany-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life. (journalists)Uptin Sinclair - went into a meat packing plant and was discussed by what he saw and wrote about it.Ida Tarbell - talked about how horribly some people were paid.-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?.changed and worked to reform the country. they would get rid of the political machines and institute city councils-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?.Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis made it so they could save money by not working as long hour daysHenry Ford - paid better and cut back hours.-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?.enforced child labor laws.Florence Kelley also helped make the workplace safer-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?.formed in 1904, child labor laws started.took photos and stats to dramatize the child's situations.argued that children working lowered adults pay-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?-What did the 17th Amendment do?Ch. 9.2-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.Ch. 9.3-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.-Square Deal-Breaking up strikes-Regulating railroads-Regulating food and drugs-Conservation-Civil RightsCh.9.4-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency-Payne-Aldrich Tariff-Land disputes-Breaking up trusts-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited-Break-up of the Republican Party-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.Ch. 9.5-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.-Breaking up trusts-Underwood Tariff-16th Amendment-Federal Reserve System-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
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