Nationalism - patriotic feelings / efforts; towards country or ethnic group
Diplomacy - how we deal with other countries
Spheres of Influence - a territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation; latin america, carribean, central america, etc
Protectorate - a strong country watching/controling a smaller country
Arbitration - settlement of a dispute by a neutral third party
Noninterventionist - the US did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially Europe's
Isolationist - the US acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
Passive and reactive - the US waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly
Weak army & Navy - compared to other countries was very weak
New Diplomacy
Imperialistic - going out and conquering territory to create an empire
Empire - Alfred Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt
Interventionist - especially in Central and South America -- becoming more involved in other countries affairs
-Monroe Doctrine
Strong Nationalism - having strong pride and confidence in one's country
Chapter 10.1 / Imperialism & America
- Imperalism became very common with the major powers of the world
- Which countries were the most powerful in 1900? -- Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, U.S. Japan
Why did the US and other countries look to imperialism - brings military power and prestige to your country, to get natural resources
- Naval Bases & refueling stations - Hawaii (refueling station)
- $$$ for natural resources as well as opening new markets to sell your goods (trade
- Belief in cultural superiority - White Man's Burden
-McKinley " to take them all and to educate them Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christainize them."
-Taft "we must help our little brown brothers" on the Philiphines
Chapter 10.2 - The Spanish American War
- By 1900, Spain was a dwindling empire
-Philipine, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and a few colonies in Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara)
- The US had been interested in Cuba for a long time
-US tried to buy Cuba in 1854
- Cubans shad been revolting against Spanish frequently (1868, 1878, 1886, 1895) wanting independence
- Queen Liliokalani - last queen of Hawaii - 1893
What caused an increase in tension between the United States and Spain
- 1. In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and the Cubans
- 2. The conflict was described by Senator Redfield Procter of Vermont as "bloody and brutal"
- 3. Newspapers (Yellow Press- particulary those owned by William Randolph Hearst) reported the brutality of the Spanish General Weyler
- The New York journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
- American newspapers were clearly pushing the nation towards intervention in the Cuban situation
The Yellow Pages
- Investigated the war
- United the general public to want war with Spanish
- De Lome Letter - national insult
Causes of Spanish-American War 1898
- The USS Maine sinking
- The Yellow Pages
- Butcher Weyler and his treatment of Cubans in the concentration camps
- The De Lome Letter
- Jose Marti's destruction of US property in Cuba - making it look as though Spain did it
Teller Amendement
- Imperialists vs anti-imperialists in the US
Fronts in the Spanish - American War
- Philipines
- Cuba
- Puerto Rico
Rough Riders
- calvary unit
- very few horses - had to walk
- TR's group of troops to fight Spanish in Cuba
Treaty of Paris - 1898
- Brought an official end to the war
- Spain gave Cuba independence (kind of)
- US got control of philippines ($20 mil), Guam and Puerto Rico
Misc
- The US army was not prepared to fight this war - the Navy was excellent
- Roughly 3000 US soldiers died in the war. Only 385 battle death - 2500 died due to disease
- Lasted April 5th-August 12th 1898
- The US became an empire for the first time in history
Puerto Rico
- Claimed by Spanish Crown in 1493 following Columbus second voyage to the Americas
- In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American war
- Puerto Rico was granted US citizenship in 1917
- Popularly-elected governors have served since 1948
- In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government
- In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose to retain commonwealth status, become an independent country or become an actual state!
Cuba
- In 1998, Spain gave control of Cuba to US with Treaty of Paris
- In 1902 the United states granted Cuba independence with the Teller Amendement
- US retained right to preserve Cuban independence and stability with Platt amendment
- US got control of Guantanamo Bay as well, a naval we we still have control of today
- In 1934 the Platt Amendment was repealed
Philippines
- Emilio Aguinadldo declared Phillipine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898
- After the Spanish American war, the US took over the islands for $20 million in the 1898 Treaty of Paris
Philipine-American War
- broke out after the Flipipinos realized that the US would not give them independence
- Ended with American controling islands
- 12,000 - 20,000 Flipinos soliders dead
- 4,165 US soliders dead
- 200,000 - 1.5 million Flipions civilians die - some contend US commited genocide
- In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status
- Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese invaded and took over
- Allied troops defeated in 1945
- Got independence on July 4, 1946
China
- By late 1800s, it was looking as if China would be carved up like Africa had been
- China wanted to prevent this from happening
Chapter 10.4 - America as a World Power
TR Presidency
- Assumed Presidency after McKinley was killed
- Roosevelt the Peacemaker - Russia & Japan; pushed for Panama Canal;
Russo - Japanese War
- Japan shocked the world by defeating Russia
- Had to get permission from Columbia because they controlled Panama
- France started one but it took too much time & money
- Bought France's company's route for $40 million
- Columbia refused to allow US entry
- With support from US, Panama revolted against Columbia
- On November 3, 1903, Panama declared independence from Columbia
- US and Panama signed canal deal - US would pay $10 million and an annual rent of $250,00
- Had to fight disease
- Soft, volcanic soil made difficult to remove
- 43,000 helped rebuild
- 5,600 people died
- Cost us $380 million
- Took about 10 years to build; opened August 15, 1914
Roosevelt Corollary
- It was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine
- Said that the US would be the police officer between Latin America and Europe
- The US would use force to protect interests in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy - President Taft
- Using the US government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by US banks and businesses
- Economic imperialism
- US banks were in control of many businesses in Latin America
- US said it was needed to keep European powers out of Latin America
- "Substituting dollars for bullets"
President Woodrow Wilson
- Practiced "missionary diplomacy"
- ^ US would not recognize any government that was oppressive, undemocratic and hostile toward the US
- Mexican government was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta
- Wilson refused to recognize "a government of butchers"
- Wilson practiced "watchful waiting" in dealing with Huerta
Taft
- US took over Mexican port of Veracruz after Huerta arrested some American sailors
- War was extrememly close until Argentina, Brazil and Chile stepped in and tried to settle conflict
- Huerta rejected the plan but his government collapsed sortly thereafter
- Venustiano Carranza became president
- Wilson recognized his government
Panco Villa
- At first was pro-American but soon changed after President Carranza asked US to control Mexican mines
- Killed dozens of US citizens on two difference occasions; one on US soil
- President Wilson ordered General John Persing and 15000 troops to go into Mexico and capture Villa
- Eventually, the Mexican Army clashed with Persings forces
- By 1917 both sides back down (WW1)
President McKinley's Assassination
- Killed by Leon Cholgosh
- Was an snarchist - wanted all leaders wiped out
- Wanted to promote anarchist movement
- "enemy of good people"
The Battle of Cantigny
*Test Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday
----
The Battle of Belleau Wood - June 6th, 1918
The Battle of Le Hamel - July 4th, 1918
The Second Battle of the Marne - July 15th, 1918
The Battle of Havrincourt - September 12th 1918
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