Germany- Hilter
Italy- Benito Mussionli
America- FDR
Great Britian- Churchhill
Soviet Union- Joesph Stalin
Japan- Hideka Tojo
Treaty of Versailles
- lead to ww2
- because of all the land that was lost during WW1
- was aimed at Germany only
- A lot of land was taken from Germany
- League of Nations also took control of Germanys overseas colonies
- Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
- Germany was not allowed an airforce
- Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
- The loss of vital industrial territory would be a serve blow of Germanys economy
- Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies
- Germany had to take full responsibility for the war
German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
- There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
- The treaty became known as a Diktat as it was being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
- Many in Germany did not want the Treaty signed
- German representatives there knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the war again
The Allies Reaction of the Treaty
- At first, the treaty seemed to satisfy the Big Three (US, GB, France)
- Allies believed it was a just peace as it kept Germany weak yet strong enough to stop the spread of communism
- Kept the French border with Germany safe from another German attack and created the League of Nations that would end warfare throughout the world
- When Wilson brought treaty back to the US senate for ratification, the senate refused. Why? because of the League of Nations, and didnt want to be apart of other the wars
- We thought we were brought into the war
- we isocatled ourself from Europe
Fourteen Points- Germany thought were going to be the treaty for the war and was to change countriesfor the better
A lot of land was taken away from Germany, and Hilter invaded the other countries because there were german-speaking people. Hitler did not follow anything from Treaty of Versailles
Weimer Republic
- The new demorcatic government in Germany after WW1
Leaders Come to Power
Benito Mussolini’s Italy
---------Fascist movement began right after WW I
-people were unhappy with the results and the economy was terrible
-people were scared that the socialists might come to power so many turned to fascism
-including King Victor Emmaneul
Benito Mussolini( Il Duce)
-hated the wealthy and catholic chur
-mother forced him to go to catholic school
-expelled for stabbing a rich student
-unsuccessful elementary teaching career
-joined the socialist movement before during WWI
-fought for Italy in WWI-injured
-got involved in Fascist movement after the war
-became the leader of the Fascist movement
-King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922
-by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy
-killed political opponents
Fascist Ideas- Nothing Above the State, nothing outside Italy, nothing against the State.
1. Hated communism and democracy
2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country
3. Nationalism
4. Militarism
5. Imperialism
6. Corporativism
-industrial leaders and workers must work well together
-detested capitalist’s greedy ways
7. Made Catholicism the national religion
-Mussolini hated religion but realized he nneded an alliance with the Catholic Church
-brought many Catholics to support Mussolini
8. Efficiency and order were very important
-Mussolini “made the trains run on time”
Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism
-allowed monarchy to continue
-allowed the Catholic Church to continue
-allowed capitalism and large landowners to exist
What Did Countries through out the world do in the 20's to ensure that WWI was the War to End all Wars?
League of Nations, and Kellog-Briad Pact and the Washington Naval Conference, reduced Navy
Adolf Hilter
- born in 1889 in Austria
- dropped out of school at 16
- wanted to be and artist and architect
- failed to get into art school
- moved to Germany in 1913
- joined German Army when WWI broke out
- was wounded twice (once by gas)
- won numerous medals
- accepted the “stab in the back” theory
- hated Weimer Republic
- joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI
- voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921
- Nazi party attracted the following groups of people:
1. Manual laborers
2. Former soldiers
3. Adventurers and misfits
- The Nazi Party:
1. was violently nationalistic
2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew)
3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic
4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority
Holocaust
- The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WW2
- A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
- Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
- Some maintain the the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' genocide of millions of people in the other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
- By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people killed
Who was killed in the Holocaust?
- Jews (6 million)
- Gypasies (500,000-1.5 million)
- mentally/physically handicapped people (75,000- 250,000)
- Soviet Slavs/POW's/ Troops (16.5 million)
- Poles (2.5 million)\
- Homosexuals (5-15 thousand)
- Communists/ Socialists ( many but number not confirmed)
- Dark skinned people
- Mixed Races
- Jehovahs Witnesses ( 2,500- 5,000)
Why is the Aryan Race?
- misused by the Nazis to mean a so-called master race that originated around Germany
- Perfect Aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tall and musclar
Lebensborn- houses were set up throughout Germany and many occupied territories and many lebensborn children wer born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
1933
- First concentration camop at Dachau in 1933. The first inmates were 200 Communists
- Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933- Never restored
- Jews were prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors, in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools. All but few Jewish students are banned from schools
Nuremburg Laws 1935\
- Took away Germans citizenship from jews thus making Jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights
- Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had three or four Jewish grandparents. People with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be a mixed race
- Jew could only marry jews
- no sexual relation between non-Jewish Germans and Jews
1936
- Nazis boycott Jewish-owned businesses
Kristallnact- 1938 (Night of the Broken Glass)
1939- Hitler orders the systematic murder of the metally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
1940
- Nazis begin deporting German Jews to Poland
- Jews were forced into ghettos
- Nazis beging the first mass murder of Jews in Poland
1941
- Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced to ghettos
- In two days, German units shoot 33,771 Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar - the largest massacre of the Holocaust
1942
- Nazi officials announce "Final Solution"- theur plan to kill all European Jews
- Five Death camps begin operation in Poland: Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz
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