Pearl Harbor, the cause and effect of WWII
United states vs Japan
- Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941
Why Japan bombed us?
- the US cut off oil supply to Japan
- Admiral Yamamoto- was the person who came up with the plan to surprise attack us
December 7, 1941
- Japan attacked several ships
- 2,402 people died and 1,282 people were wounded
- not only military people died but so did civilians
- had they 3 waves of attacks planned but they only carried out with 2 because we started to get ready to fight back
what did we do in response
- FDR declared war the next day
backdoor to war conspriracy
- military people wanted war so FDR wanted us to be attacked
- we quit trading oil with Japan
- Japan attacked us
Cause and Effect of World War II
Europe-
- Treaty of Versailles being broken by Hitler
- Britain and France started to get mad at Hitler so they said the next time he broke it they would go to war
- The Great Depression
- Mussolini's actions of invading Etheopia
- Failure of League of Nations
- Rise of nationalism
- Hitler's invasion of Poland
Asia-
- Japan invaded China
- The Great Depression
- Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931
- Japanese invasion of China in 1937
United States-
- Pearl Harbor
- relations between Japan and United States got bad when they invaded China
- we stop trading with Japan
Effects of the war
United states-
- US lost a lot of people
- made over 17 millions jobs
- the government became more federal and more powerful
- women were working in factories and sparked women's rights
- African Americans got more rights since they fought with us in the war
- Cold War US vs USSR
- United Nations starts
- Japanese cities were destroyed from bombing and Japan was placed under military rule
- Major powers of the world were discovered
US war in North Africa and Italy
North Africa
North African campaign-
- Began in June 1940 and lasted 3 years
- Axis tried to take away oil from the Allies
Three phases:
- Western Desert
- Operation Torch
- Tunisia
Casualties-
- Germany 18,600
- Britain 35,500
- US 2,800
Western Desert camp-
- Began in Egypt
- Germany and Italy ordered to invade British forces
Operation Torch-
November 8th - 11th, 1942
America and Britain took over Oran and Morocco
- Vichy French tried to fight, but didn’t last long
Tunisian Campaign-
Allies had a small group advance to Tunisia
Axis had many more groups on the ground and pushed Allies out
During the winter not much fighting took place as the armies built power and waited for better weather
In March, war continued
- Axis fought hard, but lost many troops
Generals
Erwin Rommel-
- Fought in World War I
- One of Hitler’s favorite generals
- Never joined the Nazi Party
- Regarded as one of the most humane and professional officers of the war
- Minimal participation in the Invasion of Poland
- Lead the elite “Ghost Division” during the occupation of France and Belgium
- Leader of the Africa corps during the North African Campaign
- Oversaw the “Atlantic Wall” at the Normandy beaches in 1944
- Possibly involved in the July 20th Plot to kill Hitler
- Forced to commit suicide on October 19, 1944 at age 52
Smiling Al (Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring)-
Served in World War I
One of the most popular generals of World War II
Commanded air forces during the Occupation of Poland and France
Oversaw air forces for the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
Commanded all German troops in the Mediterranean area
Strongly disliked by most Italians
Stood trial for war crimes, sentenced to death
Churchill convinced Prime Minister Atlee to commute his death sentence to life imprisonment
Released from prison in 1952 due to throat cancer
- Died on July 16, 1960 of a heart attack at age 74
Monty (Field Marshal The Right Hounourable Bernard Montgomery 1st Viscount of Alamein)
Fought in World War I
Commander of the Eighth British Army
Lead the British forces during Operation Torch
Winner of the turning point of the North African Campaign First Battle of El Alamein in Egypt
Competed frequently with General Patton to take certain cities or towns
Took part in the initial invasion of Italy
Commander of all ground forces during Operation Overlord
Stopped the Russian advance to Denmark and Northern Germany near the end of the war
Became leader of the British Occupation Forces after the war
Became Eisenhower’s deputy after the creation of NATO in 1951
Died on March 25, 1976 at age 88
Bandito (General George Patton Jr.)
Attended West Point Military Academy
Competed in the 1912 Olympic Games held in Stockholm Sweden, he was the top non-Swedish finisher at 5th place
Was aide to General of the Armies John Pershing in the hunt for Pancho Villa
Fought in World War I
Planned and commanded Operation Torch
Commanded the Seventh Army during the invasion of Sicily
Very aggressive and impatient, not always liked by his troops
Played a small role in Operation Overlord
Commander during the Battle of the Bulge
After Victory in Europe, he tried to move to the Pacific Theater
Military governor of Bavaria after the war
Paralyzed in an accident on December 9, 1945 died of heart failure on December 21 at age 60
Ike (Supreme Commander Dwight Eisenhower)
Attended West Point, part of “the class the stars fell on”
Supreme Commander of all Allied forces in Europe
Oversaw and planned almost every major battle of the European Theater
Became one of only 4 officers to be promoted to General of the Army during World War II
Became good friends with Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov
US Occupation zone Military Governor
Appointed President of Columbia University in 1948, and Supreme Commander of NATO after its creation in 1951
Became President on January 20, 1953 and held the office until 1961
- Died of heart failure March 28, 1969 at age 78
U.S. War in Italy
Background
- Lasted from July 10, 1943 to May 2, 1945
- U.S. and Great Britain believed that an invasion of Italy would divert German troops from the northern front and make it easier for the U.S. to invade Normandy
Invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky)
Began on July 10, 1943
Involved a land/ airborne invasion on the southern shore of Sicily… Their ultimate goal was to capture Messina but it’s coast was too heavily fortified
Allies captured Sicily in August, 1943 with little resistance as most of the troops in Messina had retreated to the mainland
New Italian Government
Benito Mussolini was arrested on July 24, 1943
New Italian government (headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio) began to discuss an armistice with Allies
Although the Italians were done fighting the Allies, the Germans continued to fight against the Allies on Italian soil
Invasion of Italy (Operation Avalanche)
- Began on September 9, 1943 in Salerno
- German Commander Kesselring had set up defensive lines all across the narrow peninsula
- Progress was slow and it took several months for the Allies to push through the Monte Cassino and Gustav line
- After the Allies broke through in May 1944, General Clark decided to invade Rome rather than finish off the remaining German soldiers retreating from Cassino
- General Clark’s unit moved into Rome on June 4, 144 but because of the upcoming D-Day invasion, several of his divisions were taken and put in France
- Because of the slow progress, the Allies decided to stop their advance and wait out the Germany’s until the end of the war
- German forces in Italy surrendered on May 2, 1945
US war in Europe
D-Day -
- called operation overlord, the battle that won the war
Normandy Beach-
- we invaded france because it was taken over with Nazi's even though France was an allie
- US, Canada and Great Britain
- Tuesday June 6, 1944 6:30 am
casualties 10,000 british canadian and U.S.
commander of D-Day Dwight D Eisenhower
beach was in control by the end of the day
- weather wasnt good so they had to push the date back a day
- they should have held off another day but they were worried Hitler would find out about it
- June 11 we had control on the beachheads
- paris was liberated April 25
- Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945
battle of the buggle-
- This Battle was one of hitlers last big offensives of the war.
- Reason
- Battle of surprise
- German tactics (Encircle and Destroy)
- Dense forests in the Western Front of Europe
- Weather was terrible
- 19,000 Deaths
- 89,000 Casualties
strategic bombing-
- aimed for industrial heart of Germany
- precision bombing
- vital locations -airfields, shipyards, railroads, factories, etc.
VE Day-
- Victory in Europe Day (May 8th, 1945)
- Hitler committed suicide April 30th,
- Nazis unconditional surrender of its armed forces
- marked the end of the war
- surrender was authorized by Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz after Hitler committed suicide
Celebrations-
- erupted throughout the Western world
- happened on Harry Truman’s 61st birthday
2. US war in the Pacific against Japan
Philippines-
- happened june,19-20,1944
- Japan took over the Philippines in 1942
- it was a major naval battle and an invasion
- it took place during the Untied States amphibious invasion of the Mariana Islands during the pacific war
- the battle was the last of five major carrier versus carrier engagements between americans and japanese naval forces
- major generals for america were Raymond A. Spruance and Marc A. Mitscher
- General McCarther
- the battles nickname was the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot
- The Americans Won
Iwo Jima
- fought february- March 1945
- it was also called Operation Detachments it was a major battle in which the us armed forces fought for, the captured the island of Iwo Jima for the Japanese Empire.
- we wanted this island because it had air strips and good location
- first piece of japanese home land that was attacked in 4,000 years
Battle of Okinawa-
- largest amphibious assault in the pacific war of WWII
- began april 1945
- lasted 82 days
- fought on the ryukyu islands of okinawa
- invasion was supported by naval, amphibious, and tactical air forces
- the battle was nicknamed “typhoon of steel” because of the kamikaze attacks
- japanese surrendered less than 2 months after the end of the battle
- the allies won
- casualties: 77,166 japanese soldiers killed, 14,009 ally soldiers killed, 150,000 civilians killed
Doolittle's Raid
- also known as Tokyo raid
- took place on april 18th 1942
- it was a air raid
- commanders James H. Dolittle
- 3 dead
Coral Sea
- fought may 4-8th 1942
- it was major naval battle between the US and Japan
- Commanders: Frank J. Fletcher, John Grace and Thomas C. Kinkaid
- 656 killed
Midway
- was one of the most important naval battles of world war 2
- US won easily because we knew what Japan was doing (we knew there code)
- between june 4 and 7 1942
- Major Generals
- Chester W Nimitz
- Frank Jack Fletcher
- Raymond A. Spruance
- Casualties
- 1 carrier sunk
- 1 destroyer sunk
- 150 aircrafts destroyed
- 307 killed
Navajo Code Talkers
- Philip Johnston came up with the idea to use the Navajo language for military purposes
- Navajo language was an unwritten language of extreme complexity
- By December 7, 1941, only 30 non-Navajo people (no Japanese) could understand the Navajo language
- The Navajo code was slightly different from Navajos actual language (A Navajo soldier taken POW by the Japanese couldn’t understand the Navajo code)
- Navajos could encode, transmit, and decode a 3-line english message in 20 seconds, much faster than encoding machines
- They were a part of every assault the Marines took conducted in the Pacific
- Navajo veterans were honored in 1992 for their contribution to US defense
Island hopping-
- going to only the main island out of the thousands in the pacific to fight the japanese
- only went to ones with naval bases or air strips
Atomic bombing-(Hiroshima & Nagasaki)
- Instead of invading Japan at the cost of American lives, it was decided to drop two Atomic bombs on Japanese cities
- The military supply base of Hiroshima was the first target; hit on August 6, 1945
- ⅔ the city was destroyed, and about 80,000 died (another 80,000 died from radiation the following years)
- The weapons arsenal of Kokura was the next target, but thick clouds blocked the bomb-aimer’s view
- After flying another 100 miles Southwest, they dropped the bomb on the industrial city of Nagasaki; hit on August 9, 1945
- Nagasaki didn’t suffer as much damage as Hiroshima (less to destroy) but had just as many deaths
- Japan surrendered about a month after on September 2, 1945, ending the war
Holocaust
Nuremburg laws-
- took away German citizenship from jews makeing jews second calss citizens
- Jews could only marry Jews
1938
- all jewish children are expelled fom public schools in Germany and Austria
1989
- started to murder mentally ill people
1940
- hitler started to deport German Jews to poland
- Jews forced into ghettos
- Nazis begin first mass murder
1941
- Jews in europe are forced into ghettos
- in two days german unties shott 33,000 ukrainian jews- largest massacre
1942
Nazi officials announce The Final Solution- Five death camps begin operation in Poland
- ghettos are emptied because jews are being sent to death camps
1934
- Jews in Warsar ghettos resist as the nazis begin new rounds of deportation. many uprising
1944
- Hitler took over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000 Hungarian jews each to Auschwitz where they are murdered
1945
- Hitler is defeated and World War II ends in Europe
- The Holocaust is over and the death camps are emptied
- Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them
1947
- The United States established a Jewish homeland in British- controlled Palestine, Which becomes the State of Israel in 1948
WHY DID THE US AND ALLIES WIN WWII?
- war production
- Nazajo code talkers
- we cracked their code
- people back home doing their part
- numbers of people that we had
- resources
- President, Generals and troops
- Japanese and German mistakes
- Germany always had to bail out Italy and cover more land
- Germany could have had more troops if they didn't kill all the German Jews
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