Today, Mr. Bruns talked about what we would be doing this week...and then we went over the WWII Powerpoint once again...
Test Questions:
US Homefront:--what people are doing at home to help with the war
1. Selective Training and Service Act--1940; Roosevelt and Congress passed it in 1940; (drafting); First peacetime draft in US history; Used until 1973 to fill military needs; After 1973, US military depended on volunteers to fill needs
2. Women's role in WWII:
--Rosie the Riveter-represented women workers in WWII, was the poster child for women who worked in factories--it really helped open up their rights--many women became nurses to help soldiers in the world...women would work as secretaries (would type up the letters to sent to families saying that "so and so" had died..women were also needed as: waitresses, time keepers, elevator operators, teachers, conductors, etc.
--Women were very vital in the war effort..women did not fight in the war..the Women's army corps did typing and desk jobs...--they made maps, developing pictures...WAVES-Women's Navy:each branch had their own version for military; WASP-Woment's Arm Service Pilots (test drive planes and get them from point A to point B)..."Tokyo Rose" (Iva Toguri)--forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan; in these radio programs, she taunted the troops and played music from home; she was a US citizen in Japan; convicted of treason-she tried to demoralize our troops...
3. African-American's role in WWII:
--African Americans were discriminated against, during WWII they were segregated as well as other races--they worked in factories if they didn't fight..otherwise they did fight in the war by being pilots......minorities played a significant role during WWII--they did everything that you would expect while still being discriminated against...
--Tuskegee Institute--African Americans piolots who were trained to bomb in Italy and Germany; they were very successful...
4. Asian's role in WWII
5. Hollywood's role in WWII
--Hollywood in WWII: Looney Tunes, Walt Disney movies--they made propaganda films and helped to get people to buy war bonds and boost moral...--Bob Hope (comedian); made movies and comedy shows--USO tour (the US tried to get as many comedians and singers to go and entertain sodiers in Korea and other places to give soldiers some time off and give them something to look forward to and enjoy.)--John Wayne did a lot of WWII movies as well as westerns; he was one of the bigger actors and really got his name during WWII...
6. Office of Price Administration: OPA and Rationing: the Office of Price Administration was established in 1941 to administer price controls--kept prices limited and controlled rationing
--Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon.
--Gasoline rationing began in May 1942 on the East coast, limiting use to five gallons per week.
--By the end of 1942, half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, allowing 4 gallons per week.
--The other half of automobiles had either a B sticker (supplementary allowance for war workers) or a C sticker (vital occupation such as a doctor)
--Truckers had a T sticker for unlimited amounts
--A black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers that were used 30% of gasoline sales
--By 1945, there were 32,500 motorists arrested for using such false stickers, 1300 convictions, 4000 gasoline stations closed.
--Everything was stamped based
--People would stand in line for sugar
--One thing that was not rationed, was horse meat (you could get as much of it as you wanted)
7. War Production Board: it was all about production; was aimed to get factories to produce as much as they could--making stuff was very important for WWII
8. National War Labor Board: didn't want workers to go on strike; they wanted managers to pay their workers well so that they wouldn't lose their workers...tried to bring workers and owners together..."together they win"...
9. Why the Homefront helped win the war
10. How US/Allies fought back against U-boats:
--the Battle of the Atlantic was about the control of the seas; keeping things from Great Britain
--We built faster and bigger boats to be able to fight back against U-Boats
--U-Boats were used for suprise attacks by Germans
--We tried to intercept German code
--Convoy system: power in numbers; instead of one ship going across the atlantic, there was a group of merchant ships known as a "wolf pack"...
--Depth Charges: under water bombs..U571 showed depth charge attacks
11. Intelligence gathering--Ultra/Magic: Allied Intelligence; Roosevelt and Churchill realized the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to dereat the Axis powers..RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface..HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines..ULTRA was the code name for intelligance (British intelligence); MAGIC-up to the battle of Midway, summer of 1942, it was the first battle that we had officially won against Japan, we knew their attack was coming because of MAGIC...we preumpted their attack...
--Enigma--system in which Germany transferred their information through codes; solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of WWII; during periods when Allied cryptanalysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-Boats caused great damge to Anglo-American commerce..looked like an old type writer, we wanted it because then we could know what Germany was up to..
12. Operation Barborossa (USSR vs Germany): Summer of 1941...Switzerland was always neutral...
--Hitler decides to turn east and invade the Soviet Union:
--lebensraum
--Despised the ethnic Slavs ruled by their "Jewsih Bolshevik" masters
--wanted Ukraine for the farmland
--Could use the people as slave labor
--the defeat of the USSR would further isolate the Allies
--wanted the oilfields in the Caucasus mountains
--didn't trust Stalin-German propaganda showed that Stalin was planning to attack Germany;
--The Western Front fighting was over (except GB)
--Hitler wanted the Soviet Union more than anything and he believed that if he took over Lebensraum, he would become the most powerful country...
-the greatest land war in recorded history (manpower and casualties) began on June 22, 1941 at 3:30 am
-the main front would eventually expand to 1490 miles and extend to a depth of over 600 miles
-at one time the Germans occupied some 900,000 square miles of Soviet territory
*German Wehrmacht (army)
--Germany Army in USSR was split:
1. Army Group North whose main goal was Leningrad
2. Army Group Centre whose main goal was Moscow
3. Army Group South whose main goals were Rostov, the Caucasus Mts, the Crimean Peninsula and Stalingrad
*Hitler's drive to the Caucasus
-Army Group South goes after Stalingrad
*Battle of Moscow-October 1941 and January 1942
-Moscow wasn't taken over..since Germany wasn't going to win it...
-Hitler believed Moscow was the major military and political target in the USSR as it would lead to the collapse of the country.
-Germany got within 12 miles of Moscow before Soviet troops stopped the advance
-This battle marked a major turning point on the Eastern Front
-280,000-400,000 German casualties
-650,000-1.280,000 Soviet casualties
-Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed his cammander-in-chief in December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht (Germany Army)
-Hitler took control and made all military decisions afterwards
-This led many experienced German officers to go against Hitler
-Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience because they were easily manipulated
*The Siege of Leningrad
-It started on September 8, 1941, when the last land connection to the city was cut off by Germany (a siege is a bombardment where you cut off communication from the city..)
-Lifting of the siege took place on January 27, 1944, 871 days after it began---there was starvation,
-It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and one of the most costly terms of casualties
-Reports of cannibalism appeared in the winter of 1941-42, after all birds, rats, and pets were eaten by survivors.
-Hungry gangs attacked and ate defenseless people
-Leningrad police even formed a special unit to combat cannibalism (to help prevent cannibalism)
-Finally a successful Russian counter-offensive at Staalingrad, drained necessary resources the Germans needed to continue the blockade, and eventually, it failed
-The Germans never took Leningrad, but it was once one of the most costly conflicts Russia had ever faced
--it wasn't until May, when Germany finally surrendered (three years later)
13. Battle in Africa and Italy
*Erwin Rommell-The Desert Fox
--the German general for the African Corps..(germans that fought in Africa...was the best German nazi of the war---called him the Desert Fox (he was sly and cunning)
-the British General that we fought with was Bernard Montgomery-Monty
-Operation Torch--the codename for our invasion in Morocco, Africa
-The British-American invasion of French North Africa started on November 8, 1942
-By mid 1943, we had defeated the Germans, Italians, and the Vichy France
-Stalin at this time, was unhappy and he believed that we should invade France in 1942...we said that we weren't ready for that, it would be like suicide....he wanted this because he was millions of people and needed some help...
-Fighting in the desert with tanks (Rommell vs. George Patton)
-Casablanca Conference-January 1942 "Unconditional Surrender of Germany"--before we invaded Africa.
Churchill and Roosevelt met in Casablanca, Africa----we will not make peace; they will have to surrender whether they like it or not...--no more Nazis...
-Churchill then decides to attack Italy because they weren't very strong..However, German troops were in Italy as well, but Italy was a huge campaign for US troops during the war...they had to fight mountainous terrain..
14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley: George C. Marshall:
--George C. Marshall: Chief of Staff of the US military during WWII--head of the US military;
--General George Patton: was a tough general; had a "huge" head, thought he was very awesome; was really tough on his soldiers--defeated Rommell...one of the greatest leaders in history
--General Bradley--US general
15. D-Day-Operation Overlord: Dwight Eisenhower was head
-Operation Overload
-Allied invasion of Nazi controlled France
-"Day of invasion"
-June 6, 1944--we invade France
-The assault was conducted in two phases
-1. an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian, and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight
-2. an amphibious landingn of Allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 am
-There were also decoy operations to distract the German forces from the real landing areas
-The operation was the largest amphibious invasion in world history with over 160,000 troops
-Roughly 10,000 Allied casualties (6,600 US)
***Atlantic Wall
-an extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 anf 1944 along the western coast of Europe
-Built as a defense...
--Omaha Beach, Utah Beach: the beaches that US troops landed on in France
16. Battle of the Bulge:
--Germans wanted to split US forces, but we stopped them, and slowly pushed them back...
---It was the coldest, snowiest weather "in memory" in the Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border
--The Malmedy Massacre, where 86 American soldiers were murdered, was the worst atrocity committed against American troops during the coruse of the war in Europe
--In its entirety, the Battle of the Bulge, was the worst battle, in terms of losses to the American Forces in WWII..
--Hitler's Suicide: Hitler's wife, Eva Braun, took poison to kill themselves; Hitler had taken a pill and shot himself--Hitler and his wife had gotten married and committed suicide on the same day..(April 15, 1945)
17. FDR Dies-Truman takes over--FDR dies on April 8, 1945--Harry Truman was his vice president and takes over...FDR died of a brain hemmrage--Truman was the one who had to make the decision of the atomich bombs...
18. VE Day: May 8, 1945--Victory in Europe Day
-Nazis give up
-People are excited
19. Battle in the Pacific-Island Hopping, Philippines, Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa,
20. Navajo Code Talkers
21. Doolittle's Raid
22. Manhattan Project
23. Hiroshima bombing
24. Nagasaki bombing
25. VJ Day
26. Yalta Conference
27. Nuremburg Trials
28. Japanese Internment Camps in US
29. Why did the Allies win WWII
--the women were the ones who made our weapons..so we had more weapons than other countries.
--Henry Kaiser (owner of a ship building company)--by the end of the war, we were making more ships and everything else (war goods) than any of the other countries combined...
--Hollywood in WWII: Looney Tunes, Walt Disney movies--they made propaganda films and helped to get people to buy war bonds and boost moral...--Bob Hope (comedian); made movies and comedy shows--USO tour (the US tried to get as many comedians and singers to go and entertain sodiers in Korea and other places to give soldiers some time off and give them something to look forward to and enjoy.)--John Wayne did a lot of WWII movies as well as westerns; he was one of the bigger actors and really got his name during WWII...
--"Kilroy was here" was a man who worked on the docks and would put that phrase on ships (JJ Kilroy) so it became very popular and famous.
--We knew what our enemies were doing but they didn't know what we were doing...the ULTRA and MAGIC secrets..Bombe is a machine that is what broke the codes
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