Monday, April 2

[6Rhiana]

USH:

WWII-Post Pearl Harbor to End

WWII NOTES

1. Selective Training and Service Act 1940

• Allowed people who were 18 to join the Military
• Instituted drafts
• Fist peacetime draft in US history- because we were not in the war yet
• Used until 1973 to fill military needs- after Vietnam
• after 1973, US military depended on volunteers to fill needs

 

2. Women's role in WWII

• Women started working
• Each military had a woman division, they worked in the military as nurses
• Traditionally just stayed at home, and were thought not to be as strong as men - worked in factories, red cross, farm workers, waitress, teachers, bus drivers, messengers, laundresses, typists, conductors, jobs that men traditionally had -Rosie The riveter-represented working women- used in propaganda
• Waves- woman's navy- many worked in the military, not directly but in training, testing, etc
• Women’s army corp.-photographers etc.
• WASP-women’s army service pilots-test aircrafts

3. African-American's role in WWII

• many registered for the draft
• They were segregated
• were not able to fight they thought they could not handle it
• Many of them volunteered to fight in ww2, they fought pretty good, the were segregated because they thought that they could not fight as well.
• Tuskegee Airmen- were the most famous- great bombing campaigns, showed that African American were good fighters, they really proved themselves in ww2

4. Asian's role in WWII

• After the Pearl Harbor many were forced from their homes
• Many volunteered for the U.S., they had to wear tags so people know that they were Japanese American soldiers, that way they would be thought to be original Japanese soldiers.
• If they did not fight they would stay at home and work in factories, and stuff.

5. Hollywood's role in WWII

• Started making a lot of movies showing how bad the German's were- Propaganda--Looney Tunes
• Bob hope- he worked with the U.S.O to help the troops to entertain the troop- no profit, still around today, since 1941--died in 2003.
• From 1941 to 1947 the USO presented more than 400,000 performances featuring many entertainers-Lucille Ball, John Wayne, Bing Crosby, etc.

 

6. Office of Price Administration

• Administration set up by FDR
• Set up how much people were Legally supposed to buy in order to give our troops enough food
• USO-United Service Organization-entertaining the troops --propaganda
• Ration food-never buy rationed food without ration stamps
• WWII was the last time the US rationed
• silk and nylon were rationed
• gas was rationed-4 gallons per week per family
• Black Market--get a b sticker instead of a sticker
• some people were arrested for false stickers

7. War Production Board

• made sure they kept up with supplies in WWII
• Established in 1942 by FDR
• Kilroy-JJ Kilroy-inspector of boxes-he would write Kilroy was here

 

8. National War Labor Board

• Created in 1942 by FDR
• To help arguments between employees and industries
• Made sure that no one strikes
• Worker-owner relations were smooth
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9. Why the Home front helped win the war

• The women helped the war efforts by working in factories, and war production was high
• Made a lot of food and supplies
• Hollywood had propagandas –kept war positive ex. War bands
• NPA—National Price Administration
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10. How US/Allies fought back against U-boats

• kept adding new weapons and they did not have as much as we did
• SPEED we made a lot of ships at a quick rate
• changed our naval code
• we could tell where they were through ultra
• our destroyers took down U-boats in Atlantic
• Ultra—intelligence gathering-to figure out where German U-boats were—magic—code name
• Radio info to ships
• Convoy System-go across in large groups, wolf packs-groups of submarines
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11. Intelligence gathering--Ultra/Magic

• deciphered their encryption system
• used radio waves to type information-0s and 1s
• in code not German
•  High level code-Ultra-ultra secret
• magic was code name
• war was shortened 4 to 2 years
• Italian Maphia would also spy
• Intercepting German code
• Magic was by U.S.-code name –Japanese code
• Used radar
• HFDF-locate U-boats below the surface
• Churchill understood the importance
• Enigma-machine that Germany used to transfer codes
• Hunter Killers-ships designed to go after U-boats
• Depth Charge-says how deep its going to go and the U-boat explodes
• BY 1943 the numbers of U-boats went down
• Get goods from US to Great Britain

 

12. Operation Barbarossa (USSR vs. Germany)

MY TOPIC SEE ASSIGNED BLOG #6

• Despised slaves
• Wanted Ukraine for farmland
• Could use people as slave labor
• It would further isolate the allies
• Lebensraum
• Wanted oil fields in the Caucasus mountains
• Didn’t trust Stalin propaganda showed that Stalin was planning to attack Germany
• The western front fighting was over (except GB)
• Operation Barbarossa—Germany invaded Russia, and was the largest operation in World History
• ¾ of all German troops were involved in O.B.
• Leningrad, Stalingrad, Moscow,
• Moscow: Capital: Mockby-Moscow in Russian
• 280,000-400,000 Germans
• over 650,000 Russians
• Furious that his army was unable to take Moscow
• Hitler took control and made all military decisions afterwards
• Led to many experienced German officers to go against Hitler
• Hitler surrounded himself with officers
• Leningrad-Siege- surround and blockade-starve (SEE BLOG ASSIGNMENT #6)
• Leningrad never surrendered-400000 died of evacuation and 642000 during siege

 

13. Battle in Africa and Italy

Africa

• Operation Torch-Get control of Morocco
• Got control of Morocco
• Got control of Tunisia
• Wanted to get troops out of Tunisia
• Axis Powers surrendered in 1943.
• The Italian colonies in Africa were taken over
• Erwin Rommel- The Desert Fox—German General-turned on Hitler-later committed suicide because he was blamed for attempted murder
• George Patton-him and Montgomery did not like each other (very competitive and large egos) died in an automobile accident
• Operation Torch-like a minor D-Day invasion
• Tank warfare was common in Africa
• January 1942-had a conference saying that we would not make a deal with Germany that the Nazis could stay in control – Germany had to surrender unconditionally-longer war
• June July 1943-defeated Germany

Italy

• 2^nd area we fought after Africa
• Soft underbelly of Europe-weakest part of Europe-Winston Churchill
• Stalin called for invasion of France
• Canada and British forces invaded Sicile-allies won but axis powers could draw their troops from Italy.
• Allies wanted to get to Rome next-got control later
• Allies got through the gothic line
• Axis powers had to surrender when allies got through the Apennine mountains – High ground-tough
• Tuskegee Institute

14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley

Marshall

• Churchill appointed him as organizer of victory but did not fight
• Noble peace prize for the Marshall Plan
• George C. Marshall-Chief staff of military

 

• Supreme allied commander

 

Dwight Eisenhower

 

• Became president for 8 years-Republican
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14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley

• George C. Marshall- guy at DC making decisions.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower- IKE- Supreme Allied Comandar in Europe. D-Day and battle of the bulge
• George Patton- Africa against Rommel. Moved up to Europe
• • Famous General in WWII-
  • Best known for his leadership
  • First commander in WWII
  • Worked on aircrafts and other stuff
  • He was in charge of their uniforms
  • He traveled with his troops
  • Tough – did not accept cussing
  • Got in trouble for roughing up with the soldiers
  • Did not like him but they respected him
  • Died in an automobile accident at age 60
• Douglas MacArthur- Head of Army for Japan
• • 1903-1951-chief of staff in the us army
  • he received a medal of honor for his services
  • he attempted a series of reforms
  • he was the army general in charge of the army in Japan
• Chester Nimitz- Navy general. Head of Navy of Japan
• • He thought that he was going to be an army afficer only had enough room in navy
  • Got accepted into the navy academy
  • Chief of staff for the pacific against Japan
• Omar Bradley- Africa and D Day
• • Foamous WWII general fought in Africa, Germany, and later Europe

15. D-Day-Operation Overlord

• Startee with the fall of France
• Allied Forces invaded German-Occupied France
• Happened on June 6, 1944
• It was postponed because the weather was bad
• 12,000 planes
• airborn assualt
• 2-part process
• 1. an airborn assualt landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian, and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight
• 2. an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 AM
• 36,976 killed
• Largest amphibious
• Wanted hitler to get this information so he thought the attack was coming to the north, but the allied forces went to Omaha beach
• 10,000 casualties (6,600 U.S)
• THE ATLANTIC WALL
  • 1942-1944
  • Hitler built the Atlantic Wall
  • To stop the English and the US from invading France
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16. Battle of the Bulge

• ·        Largest and most costly battle for the United States
• ·        Germany’s last offensive in the western front
• ·        Took the allied troops by surprise-took place in Belguim
• ·        Gain control of ____river
• ·        Hitler's last attempt to defeat Allies front line
•  Coldest and snowiest winter on record
• Germans created a bulge in the Front Line

• Panzers
• Worst battle for the US in WWII
• Massive German Offenceive
• Worse than D Day
• Malmedy Massacre—worst of germany soldiers in WWII
• German lost a lot of oil

17. FDR Dies-Truman takes over

• Paralyzed from waste down from Polio
• FDR died right before Hitler commited suicide
• Died of ceribral brain stroke. Blood flow stoped to some rooms
• Truman was in the military was a member of the National Guard
• Truman was responible of the atomic bombs at Japan
• Working with ending racisum
• 2nd term upset
• Very unpopular in 2nd term
• Fired MacArther

 

 

18. VE Day

• Victory in Europe day
• Day that the axis powers surrender May 8, 1945
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19. Battle in the Pacific-Island Hopping, Philippines, Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa,(2 of the six)

Japan by 1942 had a lot of area

• Island hopping –go from island to island taking over until they hit Japan
• Naval bases-land air craft
• Good strategy—didn’t have to take the time—saved time—less important islands will surrender since they will run out of food
• Atomic bomb instead

Battles

• Philippines--June 19-20-1944-took them over instead of help them-December 7, 1941 Japan also attacked the Philippines-Gerald Douglas MacArthur-war against Japan-May 1942 we surrendered to the Philippines-BATAAN DEATH MARCH—thousands of American Filipinos/ Filipinos were forced to march about 6*20 thousand people died-worst atrocity-something terrible that happened to them-60 miles-characterized as physical abuse or murder. -Macarthur’s triumphal return-“I will return.”-US won
• Coral Sea—May 4-8-1942-major naval battle between Japanese and Allied naval forces US and Australia- first battle to fleet-Victory for US-first time Japan didn’t win-first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other-able to stop Japanese advance-might have gone into Australia
• Midway—June 4-7, 1942-6 months after pearl harbor-Japan planned to control the island-Jap. Aimed to eliminate the us as a strategic power –our first true victory-Japan Navy suffered heavy losses never recovered from this battle-Magic played a vital role in the Allied Victory
• Guadalcanal—first battle where the US took the offensive-August 7,1942 and February, 9,1943-Midway was fought only by boats ships and airplanes and Guadalcanal was fought by invasion-resulted in Japan eventual surrender and the end of WWII.—Kamikaze-divine wind
• Iwo Jima—Offensive by US against Japan- Mount Suribachi-hard battle we couldn’t see them but they could see us-6800 US soldiers died-
• Okinawa—an invasion-186000 troops landed-US and Japan-by this time we were bombing Japan with conventional bombs-
• • Atomic bombs that prevented them from doing that

20. Navajo Code Talkers

• With this code we could communicate with the Japanese
• Navy-take navajo word tranlate it to english and take the first letter
• August 14, 1982 “Navajo Code Talkers Day”
• Never written down
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21. Doolittle's Raid

• They didn’t want to do it to destroy Japan—JUST to RAISE MORAL-hurting the Japanese moral
• Bombed Tokio Japan
• Run over Japan and drop bombs-none of the aircraft made it back
• Was SUCCESSFUL
• Some pilots and crew made it back eventually
• April 1945-5 months after pearl harbor
• Confuse Japanese people
• James Doolittle-
• Lightend bombers to fly of air craft carriers

22. Manhattan Project

• Code name for building atomic bombs
• First atomic bomb
• Feared that Germany was going to make a bomb
• In Mannhattan, New York
• J Robert Oppenheimer- communist
• New Mexico
• Trinity- code name for the first bomb droped.

 

23. Hiroshima bombing

• First place they used the atomic bomb
• Killed 90 percent of residents
• Radiation
• Bomb was called little boy
• General Leslie Groves-general in charge of  the bomb
• J Robert Oppenheimer-head Scientist-also a communist
• Built bomb in New Mexico
• Alamogordo, NM-tested Bomb
• Trinity was code name for the test bomb
• Enola Gay-Aircraft strong enough to carry the bomb
• Paul Tibbits-Pilot
• Most of the doctors were killed
• August 6, 1945
• About 80000 then to 200000 to radiation
• Radiation Sickness
• Eurasian

 

24. Nagasaki bombing

• Was not intended at first to be the 2^nd bombing
• “Fat Man”
• Plutonian
• More powerful than the Eurasian bomb
• Extremely powerful
• Cloud cover (couldn’t see target)
• Dropped and missed its target by a long way
• Didn’t do very much damage as they would’ve – mountains
• Almost completely ran out of gas
• Japan surrendered
• 40-75000 died
•  

 

25. VJ Day

• August 14, 1945
• Victory in Japan Day
• Japan surrendered thus ending WWII

 

26. Yalta Conference

• February 1945
• Conference that the gov’t
• Stalin, Churchill, and FDR-met-last time
• Germany would be broken into four occupation zones (US, GB, France, USSR)
• Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe
• Stalin promised to join the war against Japan after war with Germany was over
• Have a conference at San Francisco to set up the United Nations

 

 

27. Nuremburg Trials

• War crime trials that Germany had to go through do to what the Nazis did in the Holocaust
• Hitler Hanged himself during the trials
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28. Japanese Internment Camps in US

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29. Why did the Allies win WWII?

• We were able to brake the Japanese code with Magic

30. GI Bill of Rights

• Designed to help the transition of WWII to normal everyday life
• • Go to college
  • Get a job

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