Monday 4.2

[3Julie]

US Homefront:

1. Selective Training and Service Act

• First peacetime draft in US History
• Used until 1973 to fill military needs
• After 1973, US military depended on volenteers to fill needs

2. Women's role in WWII

• Rossie the Rivetor gave women the idea that they can work hard and still look pretty
• The women were a very important cause for winning the war
• they worked in:
• • factories
  • hospitals (nurses)
  • secrataries/typists
  • farm workers
  • bus/taxi drivers
  • messengers
  • teachers
• WAC-Women's Army Corps
• stay at home mom's canned food
• WAVES- Women's Navy
• WASP- Women's Army Service Pilots

3. African-American's role in WWII

• fought in the military
• some people tried to get it so that blacks and whites were not segregated

4. Asian's role in WWII

• Were drafted in war but had to wear a certian button to make sure that they didn't get them mixed up with Japs

5. Hollywood's role in WWII

• provided a lot of comercials for the war
• movies on the war:
• • destination Tokyo
  • 30 sec over Tokyo
  • Wake island
  • the purple heart
• Cartoons were made
• USO- Untied Service Organizations Inc. in a private, non profit organization that provides entertainment to members of the US military since 1941

6. Office of Price Administration

• were the first to come up with ration books
• Rationing- you can only get so much and you couldn't get and over supply of things
• had ration stamps and if ran out you could not buy anything else for the rest of that week
• People had to wait in line for things that they wanted
• Horse meat was not rationed so people could buy as much as they wanted
• Black market was formed and their were a lot of people who bought illegal stickers to get more money

7. War Production Board

• keep producing stuff like metal and fuel
• produced a ton of materials like fuel
• used to stabilize our economy
• production of mass production

8. National War Labor Board

• created by Woodrow Wilson in WWI
• keep peace between employees in factories
• • so they don't go on strike

9. Why the Homefront helped win the war

• mass production of goods

10. How US/Allies fought back against U-boats (German Submarines)

• the 10th fleet under the Navy did it
• had like 50 people in it
• planes would drop bombs
• Navy would use depth charges(kinda like torpedoes)
• wolfpacks - U-boats traveling in large groups
• • how do we fight them?
  • • speed
    • faster U-boats
    • traveled in convoys (large groups)

11. Intelligence gathering--Ultra/Magic

• the spies were gathering info
• most spies were British set up by Churchill
• used to fight off the Axis powers
• ULTRA/MAGIC were code names for us intercepting information
• • use it to fight against U-boats too
• Enigma
• • system in which Germany transferred their info thru codes
  • solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of WWII
  • during periods when Allied crypt-analysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-boats cause great damage to Anglo-American commerce

12. Operation Barborossa(USSR vs Germany)

German invasion of Soviet Union. 90% taken ov

• • code name for the invasion for Germany invading Soviet Union
  • stalingrad, moscow, liningrad
  • Hitler broke the non-aggression pack because he didn't trust stallin
  • Hitler wanted more land and natural resources
  • Lebensraum
  • Despised the ethnic Slavs ruled by their "Jewish Bolshevik" masters
  • wanted Ukraine for the farmland
  • could use the people as slaves labor
  • The deafest of the USSR would further isolate the Allies
  • Wanted the oilfeilds in the Caucasus mountians
  • Didn't trust Stalin-German propaganda showed that Stalin was planning to attack Germany
  • The western front fighting was over (except GB)
  • Germany Army in USSR was split:
  • • Leningrad(people were starving to death), Moscow(didn't take it over), and Stalingrad(90% taken over before they pushed them back)(know them for test)

13. Battle in Africa and Italy

• took place in Africa June 10, 1940
• we entered the war in 1941
• took place in the countries of North Africa
• 2 reasons why it was fought: 
• • to control the middle east and the oil resources and
  •  to see who would have control of Africa
• Mussolini had more then a million men in the army
• Erwin Rommel - The Desert Fox
• • German general
  • very sly and outwitted
  • leader of the Afrika corp 
  • • they were the German troops in Africa
  • went against Hitler eventually and was involved in the plan to kill Hitler
  • he eventually committed suicide otherwise he would be killed and everyone would know that he was a traitor
• Bernard Montgomery - Monty
• • was our ally
  • from Great Britain
  • British General down in Africa
• George Patton
• • from the US
  • one of the most famous US general
  • very big in himself
  • always had ivory pistols
  • despised Montgomery
  • died in a car accident in Germany after WWII
• Operation Torch
• • the British-American of French North Africa started on November 8, 1942
  • by mid 1943, we had defeated the Germans, Italians and the Vichy France
  • landed on the beaches of Morocco
• Casablanca Conference
• • said that we won't make a deal with Germany
  • they would have to surrender unconditionally
  • • they have to do whatever we tell them to do (the Nazis)
• Italy
• • Churchill called them the soft under belly of Europe
  • • he thought it was the weakest part and that the US should invade them
  • Us wins Africa and then invade Sicily then Italy
• who won?
• • the Allied powers won

14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley

• Marshall
• • Chief of Staff of the US Military during WWII
  • the only person higher than his rank is the president
  • mostly focused on teaching mechanized warfare
  • taught an army of war college
  • mainly a teacher
  • organized the biggest military expansion in US history
• Dwight Eisenhower
• • was supreme allied commander of all forces
  • • in charge of all allied forces
  • in charge of the D-Day invasion
  • later became president
• Patton
• • best US general in the world
  • led troops down in Africa and Europe
• MacArthur
• • leader of the US army against Japan
• Nimitz
• • leader of the US Navy against Japan
• Bradley
• • not as famous as the other guys
  • famous general in WWII in Africa later on in Europe

15. D-Day-Operation Overlord

• Operation Overlord 
• • code name for the Invasion of Normandy
• Allied invasion of Nazi controlled France
• The assault was conducted in two phases
• • 1. an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight
  • 2. an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored division on the coast of France starting at 6:30 a.m.
• there were also decoy operations to distract the German forces from the real landing areas
• the operation was the largest amphibious invasion in world history with over 160,000 troops
• Roughly 10,000 Allied casualties(6,600 US)
• The Atlantic Wall
• • an extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the western coast of Europe
  • Built as a defense against an anticipated Allied invasion of the mainland continent from Great Britain
• Omaha Beach and Utah beach were the main 2 we landed at
• • involved: Canada, Free France, US

16. Battle of the Bulge

• took place at the end of the war 
• made a bulge in the front line(that's where it got it's name)
• around the Ardennes Mountains in Belgium
• largest and bloodiest battle in WWII
• 19,000 Americans died
• Dec 1944 - Jan 1945
• We won. (Allied forces)

17. FDR Dies-Truman takes over

• he had bad health since 1940
• • had paralysis
  • high blood pressure
  • smoker
  • heart disease
• died on April 2nd, 1945 from a stroke
• • after he said he had a terrible headache
  • Hitler committed suicide not too long after
• Truman was vice president so he took over after FDR died
• Truman
• • from Missouri
  • swore a lot
  • was short and to the point
  • he took responsibility for any mistakes
  • • said "the buck stops here"
  • fired MacArthur
  • • MacArthur wanted to use the nuclear bomb on China
    • Truman didn't want that
    • MacArthur started bad mouthing Truman
    • fired him because he didn't want MacArthur going against him
    • Truman was one of the least popular presidents

18. VE Day

• Victory in Europe Day
• May 8, 1945
• Germany surrenders

19. Battle in the Pacific-Island Hopping, Philippines, Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa,

• US policy on Island Hopping
• • strategy to try to cut Japan off from their supplies
  • cut off the key islands of Japan
  • strategically important
• Philippines 
• • Us territory
  • December 7, 1941
  • MacArthur was a major leader
  • Destroyed bridges
  • Bataan Death March
  • • 60 miles
    • Americans had to move to  a different POW (prisoner of war) camp and had to walk
    • Japanese officials faced war crimes
    • on May 30, 2009, the Japanese ambassador to the US officially apologized on behalf of the Japanese government
    • cruelest happening to US in WWII
  • American troops surrender
  • • Corregidor, Philippenes
    • May 1942
• Coral Sea
• • May 1942
  • coast of Australia
  • Japanese had their airplanes flying and they attacked 2 of our Naval Aircraft carriers
  • we sank a ship of theirs and damaged another ship
  • was the first time Japan didn't win
  • prevented Japan from invading Australia
  • • Australia was important to the US in WWII
  • 1st turning point in WWII
• Midway
• • took place in June 1942
  • Near Hawaii in Pacific Ocean
  • Japan thought they could take us on and win because they put together a powerful task force
  • • US navy was weak
    • knew it was coming because we intercepted the code
  • Japans plan was to lure US into a trap
  • after Battle of Midway, Japan wasn't the same after that
  • • Japan lost a lot of their goods
  • US won
  • 2nd turning point in WWII
• Guadalcanal
• • August 7th, 1942 - February 9, 1943
  • in the Solomon Islands (right northeast of Australia)
  • code name was Watchtower
  • took place on the Island Guadalcanal and surrounding islands
  • tried to take over the Henderson Airfield
  • Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic victory by Allied forces over the Japanese in Pacific theater
• Iwo Jima
• • Feb 19, 1945
  • operation Detachment
  • one of the last big battles
  • Japanese troops were sitting on Mount Sirabagi and the troops dropped the atomic bomb
  • • they were like sitting ducks
  • 6,821 US death at Iwo Jima
  • that's where the famous pic of the raising of the flag took place
  • • on Mount Sirabaji
• Okinawa
• • April 1, 1945 - June 21, 1945
  • Small south island of Japan
  • biggest war in the Pacific Islands
  • Japanese wanted to gain time because US was winning
  • Japanese started using Kamikaze planes
  • • would pack their planes with explosives
    • was a suicide mission
    • flew into ships
    • died a lot of damage, not enough to change the course of the war
  • Commanding general of the ship died

20. Navajo Code Talkers

• Navajo were Indian tribe from US; eventually moved to South Pacific
• people who learned different languages
• was not written down
• • Japanese  couldn't learn it because it wasn't in books to learn
  • the code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968
  • in 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate or Recognition by US President Ronald Reagan, who also names August 14, 1982 "Navajo Code Talkers Day
  • On December 21, 2000 the US Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed a law which awarded the Congression Gold Medal to 29 WWII Navajo code talkers
• basically what gave the victory to the US

21. Doolittle's Raid

• why did we do this?
• • to boost the morale of the US and to show them that we can do it
  • to lower the morale of Japan

22. Manhattan Project

• General in charge: General Groves
• most important scientist: Jay Robert Openheimer
• the atomic bombs would blow up before they hit the ground
• test bomb released in Alamogordo, New Mexico
• dropped it from a tower
• • tower
• bomb was hotter than the sun; made sand turn to glass

23. Hiroshima bombing

• August 6th, 1945
• bomb was called "Little Man" - Uranium 235 bomb (what it was made out of)
• bomb dropped by Paul Tibbets
• killed 245,000 just from bomb; later on more died from radiation sickness
• doctors only helped the people that they thought would make it; left the other to die
• people who weren't at ground zero would get radiation sickness
• US wanted to make sure that they didn't have any US casualties trying to make Japan surrender
• Enola Gay was the plane that dropped it
• • there was no plane that could lift up this bomb so they made this one
• there was a list of cities they wanted to bomb
• • depended on cloud thickness
  • had to be able to see the target from up in the air
  • caused things to fall over in the city; lots of fires
  • the T-shaped bridge was their target
  • • wasn't destroyed, but badly damaged
  • people's bodies were literally disintegrated or charred from burns
  • Japan refused to surrender

24. Nagasaki bombing

• August 9, 1945
• bomb was called "Fat Man" - Plutonium
• Bockscar plane
• we didn't want to hit Japan hard enough that they would become friends with the Soviet Union
• • Soviet Union was our enemy
  • if we destroyed main cities in would make SU really mad
  • had one of the largest sea ports in Japan
  • casualties of Nagasaki was 80,000 death
  • • more
• was twice as powerful as Hiroshima bomb
• Did less damage tho 
• • they missed  their target
  • had to crash land because they were running out of gas
  • couldn't see their target to they had to keep circling around it until they could see it
  • they still couldn't see it so they had to drop it in order to get back home
  • one of their propellers went out
• the main target was supposed to be Kokura
• they thought that the "fat man" would put them down
• everything was pretty much made into rubble
• they were being bombed everyday at this point
• Japan finally surrendered
• • if they didn't they would've dropped another one eventually but they didn't have one made

25. VJ Day

• Victory over Japan Day
• Name comes from when Japan surrendered
• when WWII ended
• on August 14/15 (time zones), 1945
• signed the Surrender Document on the USS Missouri 

26. Yalta Conference

• held in the libeaughta palace
• war time meeting of the heads of government
• Germany would be broken into 4 occupation zones (US, GB, France, USSR)
• Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe
• Stalin promised to join the war against Japan after war with Germany was over
• Had a conference at San Francisco to set up the United Nations
• FDR, Churchill, Stalin

27. Nuremburg Trials

28. Japanese Internment Camps in US