Key Topics:
Driving Idea: Describe US Foreign Policy in the late 1800's and early 1900's and be able to give examples.
*Old vs. New Diplomacy
Old Diplomacy (beginning of country to late 1800's)
1. non-interventionist- didn't get involved with foreign affairs, especially Europe's
2. isolationist- the US acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
3. passive and reactive- US waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly
4. weak army and navy- George Washington adviced the US when he left office to stay out of European Affairs
New Diplomacy (late 1800's-1900's)
1. imperialistic- going out and conquering territory to create an empire
- Alfred Mahan (look up), Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt pushed this
2. Stronger army and navy
3. Interventionist- especially in Central and South America
- becoming more involved in other countries affairs
-Monroe Doctrine (look up)
4. Strong nationalism- having strong pride and confidence in one's country
*Main powers in the late 1800's
-Imperialism became very common with the major powers of the world
-which countries were the most powerful in 1900- GB, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, US, Ottoman Empire-(Turkey), Japan
US purchase of Alaska - the sec. of state william seward wanted to purchase alaska but the house of reps. didn't want to because it wasn't worth it, it was just snow and cold, nickname seward's icebox. 2 cents of acres, it was a good buy, had gold, oils minerals, wildlife, resources. imperialist and anti imperialist. they thought if we took alaska, then Canada and U.S. might go to war.
US taking of Hawaii - missionary work, sugarcane plantations no tariffs put on it they were having all the power, 1959 it became a state
Spanish-American War- between America and Spain, treaty of paris 1898 was agreement to end war, gave cuba independence US got control of philippines, guam, and puerto rico. few casualties, got lot of land, and low cost
-Causes - US noticing Cuba was trying to revolt from (1868, 1878, 1886, 1895) US was feeling sorry for them cause they felt like it was like them starting out. Valeriano Weyler (the butcher) was putting them in concentration camps trying to keep them under control. Yellow Press- (tried stretching the truth) instigated the war, united the general public to want war with Spain, made people feel sorry for the Cubans. The U.S.S Maine sunk outside of Havana, President Mckinley sent it down to protect the American people and the sugar cane, the yellow press said Cuba sank it but it exploded from the inside. Big reason we went to war. Joseph Pulister and William Hearst- wrote the yellow press. Jose Marti- Cuban nationalist, he thought if they were to get out of spain they had to get the US to help, they sabotaged american property to make it look like Spain did it. A letter written by Enrique Dupay de Lome was intercepted by the Yellow Press, it called President McKinley weak, and said what people liked and would do what the people wanted.
-battles/famous people involved - battle of San Juan hill,-May of 1898 US attacked San Juan hill, 8,000 attacking san juan hill ended up taking the hill. rough riders led the charge up the hill. the siege of Santiago- after san juan hill, begins on July 3, US and Cuban rebels won
Rough Riders- cavalry- used swords and rode horses, Teddy put it together- cowboys, strong people who knew how to ride horses,
As US was talking about going to war with spain Congress was split between Imperialists vs anti-imperialists, there were enough people to get the Teller Amendment passed
Fronts in the Spanish American War- Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Navy did a lot of the war
-Results/Treaty - Treaty of Paris in 1898 gave Cuba independence US got control of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. A splendid little war-John Hay. US became an empire
US Control of Puerto Rico - Just a year after independence US went in and raised flag over it, first 30 years we try to Americanize the country, we granted them full US citizenship, made english the language, nationalist wanted independence, they weren't officially US, spain had them for 400 years. Have every right except for voting for president.
US Control of Cuba - US gave Cuba independence with the Teller amendment, US retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence with the Platt Amendment- required cuba to add this to the constitution and it said we could intervene whenever US wanted, US was still a protectorate of Cuba, Cuba didn't like it, US got control of Guantanamo Bay as well, a naval base we still have control of today. In 1934, the Platt Amendment was repealed.
Cuba Today-Fidel Castro- Cuba was a vacation spot then Fidel Castro rebelled, allied with Russia, then US/cubans failed invasion, then Missile crisis, Fidel could die any day now, communist
US Control of Philippines - Start caused by Filipino revolution in 1899 war was 3 years long, between Filipino and US because US wanted land, Filipinos thought US was going to help them get independence, so they rebelled. Anti imperialist league didn't want us to go over and take them. US wanted to Americanize them. Toward the end Filipinos didn't want to fight anymore, 1930's Filipinos were given freedom, Emilio Aguinaldo- was helping US beat Spain thinking that US would give them freedom. US eventually won the war 200,000 -1.5 million Filipino civilians died from lack of medical attention and cross fire, more costly then Spanish-American war.
Today- 1935- Philippines were granted commonwealth status, plans for independence were interrupted by WW2 when Japan took them over, allied troops defeated the japanese in 1945, On july 4, 1946, the philippines attained independence
Open Door Policy in China - In late 1800's China was almost carved up like Africa, China didn't want this.--- Pres. McKinley made a policy that China had an opened market. All countries agreed to have free trade with China. It saved China from Europeans taking control of China.
Boxer Rebellion in China - Chinese, they trained like boxers and Europeans called them boxers, China just wanted rights, so they trained like boxers to fend off Europeans, a wife of Europeans felt bad she helped them, boxers were killing Europeans, then Europeans found out wife was helping killed her, then Europeans destroyed the rebellion, then John Hay stepped in with the open door policy.
Teddy Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize - Teddy won nobel peace prize for bringing Russo-Japanese war to the end, first American to win nobel peace prize, used common sense to end it, he gave all the money from the prize to congress to help out pollution, then they didn't use it, he wanted it back to give it to charity.
Getting control and building Panama Canal - French started the canal and failed, so we bought the idea from them and Columbia owned Panama, Panama declared independence and we supported them they allowed us to build it.
Problems- lots of deaths- 25,000 from diseases mostly and land slides, mosquitoes big problem. Construction costly, built in volcano soil
Roosevelt Corollary and Monroe Doctrine - 1823- Saying Americas would be free from European colonization, telling Europe to stay out of western hemisphere, if they do they will be dealing with us. Mostly because it's when all the countries were getting independence. Roosevelt corollary- made to back up monroe doctrine, US would be the police officer between latin america and Europe, if europe had a problem with latin america they should talk to the US
Big Stick Diplomacy--"Speak softly and carry a big stick" - Big stick represents military power, threat of that force causes countries to back down. Speak softly, don't brag about it just use it. It was mostly a threat of force.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy - US would pay off debts of poor Latin America countries to European countries, it would keep them out of Latin America. US banks were in control of many businesses in Latin America (economic imperialism).
Wilson's Missionary Diplomacy - Wilson was a christian man, he wanted to look over latin america, wanted to get rid of dictators down there. Missionary diplomacy- the idea that democracy is the right government and in latin america, if there was a country that was oppressive, undemocratic and hostile toward the US then US wouldn't recognize the government.
US issues with Mexico - Mexican government was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in 1913- Wilson refused to recognize " a government of butchers".... Tampico Affair- Us took over port of Veracruz after Huerta arrested some Americans sailors, war was extremely close until Argentina, Brazil and Chile stepped in and tried to settle conflict. Huerta rejected the plan but his government collapsed shortly thereafter. Venustiano Carranza became president, Wilson recognized his government.
Mexican Expedition-(1916-1917) Pancho Villa was pro-American at first but soon changed after President Carranza asked US to control Mexican mines. Villa killed dozens of US citizens on two different occasions (once on US soil). President Wilson ordered General John Pershing (and 15,000 troops) to go into Mexico and capture Villa. Eventually, the Mexican Army clashed with Pershing's forces, US never caught Villa. By 1917, both sides backed down (WW1)
Comments