May 7th- May 15th

M -

Fidel Castro

Communist
Ended US dominance on Cuba
USSR alliance
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bay of Pigs

Karl Marx

Communist
The Communist Manifesto
Marxism
- Basic Practice of Communism
- Religion isn't real

Ghandi

Civil Rights Activist in India
No Nobel Peace Prize

Stalin

Communist USSR
Marxist
Friends? with Hilter
Stopped the Germans

Enlightenment

France- Started in
Philosopher
- Thinkers, Writer, Educators
"Age of Reason
- Truth can be reashed through reason
Nature
- What is natural is good and Reasonable
Happiness
- Should seek happiness while on earth
Progress
- Improve man kind
Liberty
- Should have rights to a better life (after revolution)
Voltaire - Francis Arouet
- Most influential philosopher
- Taught tolerance, reason (science), religious freedom, and free speech
- Published poliytical essays, philosophy and dramas
- Fought against intolerance, prejudice, and superstition
- Due to this, made enemies and was in prison twice
- HUGH INFLUENCE ON THE US
Two views of Government Emerge
- Old idea
  - A monach's rule is divine right
- New Idea
  - A government's power comes from consent of the governed
Thomas Hobbes
- English Civil War convinced humans were born naturally bad
- Wrote about how government is the only thing keeping things from total anarchy
- People make social contract w/ gov
- Peopl must give over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order
John Locke
- People were reasonable being who could govern themselves
- Gov gets power from the people
- All people have Rights of ?
  - Life
  - Liberty
  - Property
- Gov was created to protect those things
- If gov fails to do this ^ it is the people's right to overthrown the gov
  - Declaration of Independence
- Beliefs - Needs laws ot keep order
Baron de Montesquieu
- Separation of Powers
  - Keep indiviuals to keep one from getting too powerful
- Sets up our checks and balances
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Very passionate about indivual freedom
- Believed in direct democracy
- Believed all people were born free
Cesare Beccaria
- Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
- Against torture and capital punishment
- Right to a speedy trial
- Those convicted should have a punishment to fit the crime
- Gov should seek greatest good for the majority of the people
Women during the Enlightenment
- Mary Wollstoncraft
  - Believed in Rights for women
  - Education for Women

PT Barnum

Circus Creater
Master Hoaxmen
Performed for Queen Victoria

22.4

The American Revolution
- 1700- 1770
- Colonies each had their own Government
- Salutary Neglect
  - England left colonist alone
  - Didn't supervise colonies seriously
  - Buy British goods and they don't care
- 1754 - 63 French and Indian War
  - British Drove out French
  - British was left in the new world
  - Left troops to "protect" the colonists
  - Created huge debt British Gov had to pay
    - Made colonists start paying taxes- enforcing
- Causes of the revolution
  - End of Salutary neglect
  - Quartering Act
    - Had to take care of soldiers who were forced into peoples homes
  - Taxes to raise $ to pay off Britain's debt
    - Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act
      - Boston Tea Party
      - All would be repealled due to colonies' response to that except tea tax
  - " Taxation without representation"
    - Don't tread on me flag
- 2nd Continental Congress
  - Create an Army
  - Appoint George Washington as Commander of the Army
  - Extendand Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown
    - They rejected
  - We declare independence
    - Declaration of Independence
      - Thomas jefferson
      - Life Liberty and pursuit of happiness
      - Right to rebel agianst the government
- England's Strengths
  - Money
    - To Hire Germans (Hessians)
  - Strong Navy and #2 Army
  - Indians sided with the British
- England's Weaknesses
  - Didn't have France
  - British didn't really know their goal
  - Home people didn't care
  - British soldiers had terrible conditions
  - Distance was too far
- American/Colonist Strengths
  - Outstanding Leadship
  - Defensive fight - easier to win rather than offensive fighting
  - Self-sustaining
  - We were fighting on our land and had "Backcountry" riflemen
  - We had a "cause"
- USA Weaknesses
  - No money
  - Lack of Unity
  - Less military supplies
  - Military was weak
- We win
1st Attempt at Government
- Articles of Confederation
  - Ununited States of America
  - Confederation
    - State gov'ts keep most of the power
  - Failed
    - National gov couldn't tax
    - Didn't allow national gov't to sign or enforce treaties with foreign gov'ts
    - Congress couldn't regulate trade amongst states
    - Congress couldn't regulate the behavior of citizen
US Constitution
- Federal System
  - both Nation and State gov't share power
    - National has slightly more power
- Heavily influenced by the thinkers of the Enlightenment
- 3 branches
  - Checks and Balance systems
    - Legislative
    - Executive
    - Judicial
- Bill of Rights - first 10 Amendments in the Constitution
  - Freedom of Speech

French Revolution

Huge event on modern European history
Ended with Rise of Napolean
Got rid of absolute monarchy and the feudal system
The States (Social Classes)
- Clergy (First Estate)
  - Hated Enlightenment Ideas
  - Paid 2% of taxes and owned 10% of the land
- Nobility (Second Estate)
  - 2% of Population
  - 20% of the land
  - Paided little to no taxes
  - Government official
- Everyone else (The Third Estate)
  - Included the bourgeoisie, urban lower class and peasant farmers
  - Have no power or influence in the government
  - Resented first and second estates
  - Made up 70% of land and 97% of people
The Forces of Change
- Economic Troubles in France
  - taxes made it too hard for merchants and businesses to profit
  - Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette spent fortunes and went into debt
- King Louis
  - Weak leader
  - Little interest in government
  - Was very indecisive
- Marie Antoinette
  - Spent money on extravagant things
    - Manor
  - Gave Louis bad advice most times
The Estates General
- The assembly from all three states
- 3rd estate didn't have much power
- Each estate had one vote
  - Wasn't fair
The National Assembly
- Third estate delegates loved the enlightenment
  - Eager to make changes in the gov
  - Suggests delegates should each get a vote
  - The King sided with the nobles
  - Ulimately, the first two estates meet and lock out the third
    - Tennis Court Oath
      - New constitution
      - Many nobles and clergy that wanted to reform with the Third Estate
      - Louis was not a fan
Storming of Bastille
- Mobs of People stormed a prison
- Killed the commander and guards
- This became like their 4th of July
- heads on spikes
The Great Fear Sweeps France
- The Great Fear
  - Peasants were afraid that the nobles had hired outlaws to terrorize them
    - Peasants would mob and burn down homes
    - Result = inflation in bread
  - Women violently rioted and went to Versailles Palance
    - Louuis and Marie fled
      - Were captured and killed
Revolution brings something and terror
- The Rights of Man
  - "Constitutional" type of rights
Assembly Reforms France
- A state controlled church
  - Members of the National Assembly focused on reforming the church
  - Church lands were confisacated
Napolean Bonaparte
- Freedom of Religion and against nobility by birth
- Exiled twice
- Battle of Waterloo
  - He lost
  - Against English and Prussia
- French
- Dictator
- Emperor
The Congress of Vienna
- This ended right before the Battle of Waterloo
- After Napolean was exiled the first time
- to restore peace and bring back stability to Europe
- Metternich
  - Austrian Minister
  - Host that ran most of it
    - Wanted to surround France with strong countries to prevent agression
    - Create a balance of power
    - Restore Royal Families
    - Did not want Democracy
- Collective Security
  - Safety and Security in Europe
  - The 4 Great Power (5)
    - Russia
    - Prussia
    - Austria
    - Great Britian
    - France

Blogs

May 7th- May 15th

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