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May 1st to May 5th of 2017

Posted by 3 Angelina on May 2, 2017 at 5:47pm

Monday: notes

The Cold War (1945-1990)

  • US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
  1. Semester Test Questions over Cold War
    1. Understand the causes, effects, goals and major events of the Cold War
    2.  Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict
    3. Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict
  2. Definition
    1. A political, strategic, and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945-1990
    2. Spread throughout the world
      1. Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America
  3. Communism vs DemocracySocialism vs Capitalism
    1. Democracy
      1. Government for the people and by the people
      2. The people vote
    2. Communism
      1. Dictatorship
      2. No freedoms, people are controlled

History of Soviet Union

  1. Bolshevik Revolution
  2. Lenin in power
  3. Stalin in powerSoviet-German Non-Aggression PactWar with Germany
    1. Purges
    2. Collectivization
    3. Nationalization 
    4. Five year plans
  4. Battle of Berlin (April-May, 1945)
  5. Lenin dies (1924)

Causes of the Cold War

  1. Different political systemsThe Red Scare (1919)Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions 
    1. US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom
    2. USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control
  2. Stalin despised capitalism
  3. Distrust during WWII
  4. Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference
  5. American fear of a communist attack (Red Scare) and USSR's fear of a US attack 
  6. USSR's fear of the atomic bomb
  7. USSR;s actions in their German zone
  8. USSR's goal to spread communism around the world 

The "West" and the "East

  1. West
    1. Western Europe (democratic)
    2. United States
  2. East
    1. Eastern Europe led by Soviet Union (communist) 

Post WWII/ Cold War Goals for US

  1. Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression
  2. Promote democracy throughout the world
    1. Especially in Asia, Africa and Europe
  3. Stop the spread of communism
    1.  Policy of Containment

Post WWII/ Cold War goals for USSR

  1. Wanted to create greater security for itself. Established defensible bordersEncourage friendly governments on its borders
    1. Lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin's purges
    2. Feared a strong Germany
  2. Spread communism around the world

Tuesday: notes & going over semester test

Iron Curtain Speech

  1. Given by Winston Churchill
  2. Had said that an "iron curtain" was descended across the center of Europe
  3. Represents the split between East and West
  4. West- democratic side
  5. East- communist side

Domino Effect

  1. If one country falls to communism then most likely other countries will follow
  2. If we don't stop it then it will spread to US
  3. Fear of the spread of communism
  4. Brought about the Policy of Containment 
    1. We had to contain communism

Truman Doctrine

  1. In 1947, the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas
  2. They appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine
  3. Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists

Marshall Plan

  1. Was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from WWII
  2. There were 2 motives for this:
    1. Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry
    2. A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism

Brinkmanship

  1. United States had to be willing to go to brink of war
  2. We were hoping they would back down if we threatened to go to nuclear war
  3. Had to talk tough and act tough
  4. Very dangerous game

Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction

  1. Massive retaliation
    1. They nuke us we massively retaliate
  2. Mutual deterrence 
    1. They know if they nuke us then we will nuke them back
  3. Mutual assured destruction
    1. Complete annihilation of both sides in nuclear war

NATO

  1. In 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia
  2. NATO was a defensive alliance
  3. This was the first peacetime alliance in US History
  4. It consisted of:Still around today and has expandedToday a lot of Warsaw Pact country have joined NATO
    1. America
    2. Canada
    3. Britain
    4. France
    5. Holland
    6. Belgium
    7. Luxembourg
    8. Portugal
    9. Denmark
    10. Norway
    11. Italy

Warsaw Pact (1955-1991)

  1. The axis powers
  2. Soviet Union and Eastern European defensive alliance
  3. Warsaw was the same as NATO except it was Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

CIA vs KGB

  1. Central Intelligence Agency (1947-present)
    1. Gathers intelligence on other countries and people around the world
  2. Committee for State Security (1954-1991)Spying
    1. Basically CIA and FBI combined

Stalin Died-1953

Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964) 

Peaceful Co-existence

  1. They don't have to like each other but they act like they do so they don't go to another world war

De-Stalinization

  1. Get rid of everything Stalin had done
  2. Stop killing millions of people
  3. Khrushchev was more open for dialogue and change for the Soviet Union
  4. Ripped down big statues of Stalin

Detente

  1. French for easing of tensionsKind of like peaceful co-existenceRonald Reagan thought detente was weak 
    1. Between US and Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev

  1. Comes to power in USSR in 1985
  2. Brought Soviet Union to an end

Perestroika and Glasnost (1985)

  1. Perestroika
    1. Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
      1. More democracy
      2. Free elections
  2. No stopping the people when he gave them a little freedomSoviet Union is eventually done
    1. More openness of the Soviet government and for it's people
      1. Free speech and press

Wednesday:

  • USSR's First Atomic Test (1949)

Nuclear Powers of the World

  1. United States (1945)
  2. Russia (1949)
  3. United Kingdom (1952)
  4. France (1960)
  5. China (1964)
  6. India (1974)
  7. Pakistan (1998)
  8. North Korea (2006
  9. Israel (???)
  10. Iran (developing?)
  11. New Deal struck (4-2-15)
    1. Limited nuclear program

Nuclear Power Treaties/ Organizations

  1. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
    1. Underground nuclear testing
    2. Banned above ground nuclear testing
  2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
    1. "Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology"
    2. "Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy"
    3. "Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament" 
  3. SALT I Treaty (1972)
    1. Froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
    2. Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile
    3. Signed but never ratified by Congress
      1. Due to Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan

Anti-Ballistic Missile (1972)--US/USSR

  1. Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched
  2. In the 1980's, President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
  3. US withdraws in 2002 under George W. Bush
    1. Withdrew due to missile defense system

The Ballistic Missile Defense System

  1. Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attack on the US or allies 

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

  1. Not ratified by the Senate
  2. "A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of America's existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee treaty compliance by all countries

INF Treaty

  1. Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges
  2. USSR and US

START Treaties

  1. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
  2. Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history 
  3. Resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
  4. START I treaty expired in 2009

SORT

  1. Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty
  2. Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons was to be cut in half by 2012

New START

  1. Number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half
  2. A new inspection and verification system will be established

United Nations 

  1. 1945-present

The 1st Berlin Crisis

  1. June 1948-May 1949
  2. In 1948, the 3 western controlled zones of Germany's (US, France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshal Plan
  3. The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security
  4. In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector
  5. Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission
  6. The West responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive
  7. In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade

The Second Red Scare (1947-57)

  1. Causes
    1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe (1945)
      1. They were Americans
      2. Found guilty of spying for the Soviets
      3. Executed in 1953
    2. The USSR detonating their atomic bomb (1949)
    3. China becoming communist (1949)
    4. The Korean War starting in 1950--Domino Effect
    5. Stalin's actions in Germany--Berlin Blockade

Germany

  1. Germany became 2 countries in 1949 through 1990

Chiang Kai Chek vs Mao Kedong

  1. Chinese vs Japanese
  2. Help each other in war

Alien Registration Act of 1940

  1. Also known as Smith Act
  2. Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government
  3. Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government
  4. Approx 215 people were indicted under the legislation
    1. Including alleged communists, Anarchists and fascists

Senator Joe McCarthy

  1. Said he had a list of communists names in the government (205 names)
  2. Caused panic
  3. No one actually saw the names on the list
  4. McCarthy became one of the most powerful people in the US
  5. People realized he had no proof and people called him out
  6. Eventually lost all support

McCarthy's Downfall

  1. McCarthy's downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate "communist infiltration into the military."
  2. This was the final straw for Eisenhower, who realized that McCarthy's movement needed to be stopped
  3. In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges
  4. McCarthy died 3 yrs later from alcoholism 

McCarthyism

  1. The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

  1. This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood
  2. The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda
  3. They set up hearings to investigate the movie industry
  4. Hollywood Ten
    1. Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine
  5. Ex: Charlie Chaplin
    1. Not found guilty
    2. Was blacklisted

USSR Launches Sputnik

  1. 1957
  2. USSR was 1st to launch satellite into outer space
  3. Had big impact on our country
  4. We felt like we were falling behind to the Soviet Union

Yuri Gagarin

  1. 1961
  2. First person in space
  3. Caused US to panic

Thursday:

  • Francis Gary power shot down in USSR (1960)

Eisenhower Embarrassment

  1. Khrushchev
  2. Eisenhower was caught in an embarrassment because the Soviet Union shot down a weather plane 
  3. It wasn't actually a weather plane
  4. Khrushchev reveals that they have the plane
  5. Eisenhower was trying to make it look like the USSR was the bad guy

Berlin Wall

  1. Wall between East Berlin and West Berlin
  2. Brandenberg Gate
  3. Checkpoint Charlie
  4. Why did they build it?
    1. To keep people from fleeing from East Berlin to West Berlin
  • Fidel Castro overthrows Batista 
    • In Cuba

Bay of Pigs

  1. Water where the invasion took place 
  2. Cuba
  3. US instigated the invasion
  4. We said we would use our air force to support in the invasion
  5. It was not successful 
  6. Hurt KennedyMade Fidel Castro nervous
    1. He lied to the Cubans
    2. Military was outraged by the failing
  7. Soviet Union eventually puts nuclear missiles into Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

  1. October 1962
  2. Soviet Union put nuclear missiles into Cuba with their permission
  3. Cuba was nervous about another US invasion
  4. Launches 13 day crisis
  5. US spying discovers the Soviet Union missiles in Cuba 
  6. IRBM (missiles)
  7. MRBM (missiles)
  8. The Compromise
    1. The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba
    2. The US would promise never to invade Cuba
    3. The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within 6 months

Brezhnev

  1. Took over for Khrushchev
  2. Detente
    1. Nixon visit to China brought on detente

Nixon Visits Moscow

  1. Brought detente with Soviet Union

Ronald Reagan Becomes President (1981)

  1. Ran on a very strong anti-communist platform
  2. Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan (1979)
  • Yuri Andropov --USSR leader (1982)
  • Konstantin Chernenko take over (1985)
  • Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in USSR (1985)
  • Berlin wall comes down (Nov. 9, 1989)
  • Boris Yeltsin--President of Russia (1991-99)

Why did the US win the Cold War?/Why did the USSR lose?

  1. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn't
  2. China started siding with us after 1972
  3. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US's was flourishingThe strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan
    1. Huge deficit
    2. High inflation
    3. Corruption
    4. Social problems
    5. Shortage of basic needs (food, housing)
  4. Gorbachev's willingness for change and reform
    1. Glasnost and perestroika
    2. Admitted Soviet mistakes
    3. Took blame for the Cold War
    4. Communist system had failed
    5. Allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted
  5. Arms Reduction Talks
    1. SALT
    2. INF
    3. Reagan-Gorbachev meetings
  6. Soviet mistakes
    1. Invasion of Afghanistan
    2. Ignoring social concerns
    3. Spent everything on military

Post Cold War

  1. In the 1990's, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
  2. We didn't have any major threat to worry about
  3. President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military
  4. 9-11 caught the US off guard
  5. Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary join NATO (1999)
  • Putin new leader in Russia (1999-2008) and (2012-???) 

The Syrian Problem

  1. Syrian government is supported by Russia
  2. The Rebels, who want to take down Assad's government are backed by the US
  3. ISIS is in control of northern Syria and both sides dislike them
  4. In April 2017, Assad gassed Rebels, said he was trying to attack ISIS

Friday:

The Korean Conflict: The Forgotten War

  • 1950-53
  • Was a very back and forth war

Origins

  1. Korea was invaded and ruled by Japan from 1910 to 1945
  2. After WWII, Korea was split into two at the 38th parallel An election was going to be held to eventually unify Korea
    1. North (USSR) 
    2. South (US)
  3. The Soviet Union refused to allow participation in the election in their occupied zone
  4. Kim Il-Sung (North Korea)Syngham Ree (South Korea)
    1. Father of communism in North Korea

Results

  1. About 2,000,000 deaths

North Korea vs South Korea

  1. Korean split
  2. Korean Conflict
  3. Communism vs Democracy
  4. Economic and Social Comparisons
  5. South Korea is flourishing

The Vietnam Conflict: 1950-1975

  • Went there to stop communism
  • Vietnam was split into two
  • We got massively involved in 1964

The French Connection

  1. Vietnam was part of French Indochina
  2. Ho Chi Minh wanted independence for Vietnam
  3. Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the French lost and Vietnam got independence from France 
  4. Vietnam started becoming communist

Geneva Conference

  1. Vietnam was partitioned temporarily into a Northern and Southern zone of Vietnam at the 17th parallel
  2. North (Ho Chi Minh)
  3. South (Emperor Bao Dai)
  4. Set up elections to unify country by 1956
  5. Elections were never held

Escalation

  1. Started with deployment of military advisers to the South Vietnamese army
  2. Then started using special forces (Green Berets) for commando-style operations
  3. Then regular troops were sent for defensive purposes only
  4. Finally, in 1964, regular troops were used for offensive combat
  5. Once US troops were active in combat, escalation shifted to the adding of more and more US troops 

The Tet Offensive

  1. 1968
  2. Tet: lunar new year holiday for Vietnam
  3. Launch of massive attacks from inside the cities 
  4. Militarily, US destroyed them

Pentagon Papers

  1. Someone leaked to the press about how the government wasn't telling the truth about the Vietnam War
  2. War became extremely unpopular
  3. Anti-War
    1. Why was it unpopular?
      1. Tet Offensive
      2. Pentagon Papers
      3. Injuring/killing innocent people
      4. Supporting a bad government in South
      5. The power of the press

How did people get out of serving?

  1. Went to Canada or Sweden
  2. Went to college
  3. Got married
  4. Medically unfit for service
  5. Joined National Guard or Peace Corps
  6. Claimed to be homosexual
  7. Being rich

Nixon and Vietnam

  1. Vietnamization
    1. Name for taking the US out of the war
    2. We pull out in 1973
    3. The next year, North re invades the South and takes it over
    4. Still communist today
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