May 13 2011

[3Ally]

1. Causes of the Cold War-

■America had a democracy.
■Soviet Union was communist.
■America feared a communist attack.
■Both countries feared eachothers government.
■Truman and Stalin didn't get along: argued about power, broke ties at the end of the war. Stalin didn't like that we kept delaying D day because he thought they were using him.
■Refused to join the United Nations.
■The only reason why we were allies was because we had the same enemy: Hitler.
■3 Power Disagreement - Stalin wanted an agreement from Germany.
■US wanted to help Germany.
■US and Germany wanted to stop Communist control.

5. Berlin Blockade and Airlift-Brian-



■Was when the USSR tried to block the allied access to Berlin. When this all ended, it was a failure to the Soviet Union.
■Believed what caused the blockade was at the begining of the Cold War.
■Stalin was aiming towards wanting to destroy Germany, but the US and Britain wanted to help rebuild it.
■The blockade was a event in the cold war between the super powers.
■The USA and USSR had different plans for what they wanted to happen to Germany
■The three western zones of Germany were to unite and had the political authority to recieve aid from Marshall Plan
■Airlift began on June 24 1948.
■Rough because Truman wanted to be relected.
■September of 1947 the US and Great Britain combined their military zones into one area and called it Bizonia.

6. China becoming communist-Mao-



■Civil War carried on intermittently until the two siders were forced to form a temporary Second United Front in 1936 to resist the invasion of Manchuria by Japan.
■Fighting began in 1946 with superior military tactics as well as social revolution they conducted in the countries.
■On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment in Bejing.
■Begining of Communist Rule : from 1949 - 1952 the new government firmly established its control over China and promoted the recovery of the nation's economy.
■Rapid rate of production went up 15% each year.
■Long March: When communist armies escaped to north and south China. Several long marches.
■During Long March Mao finally gained "unchallenged"
■Hua Guofend took over as chairman.

7. NATO(beginning to present), de-Stalinization and peaceful co-existence-


■North Atlantic Treaty Organization - governmental military alliance.
■Based on the North Atlantic Treaty.
■Started in 1949
■US, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Luxembourg, and the Uk signed it.
■Basically a group of Defensive Countries against communism.
■Still around today.
■First Secretary General was Lord Ismay
■He said the goal for NATO was to "Keep the Russians out, Americans in, and the Germans down.
■In the Cold War - communist countries were expected to be working together during the Korean War.
■Today, NATO's purpose is to protect the freedom of all the members.
■28 countries now including the ones that were first in it.
■Political influence and Military capacity.
■De - Stalinization: process of elimitating EVERYTHING that Stalin did in office.
■Nikita Kruschev began the process.
■Large numbers were released from the Gulag Labor Camp.
■Peaceful co-existence - communist states adopted foreign policy
■Stated that they could peacefully co-exist, but not like eachother.
■Principles: Mutual respect for each others territory, non-aggression, no interference, and there was more but i didn't have time to write them down.

8. Nuclear Arms race(1945-1970)-

■1945 - 1970.
■Competition between the US and Soviet Union
■During Cold War.
■More weapons means more power.
■US and Soviet Union heavily built up stock piles of nuclear weapons.
■Other countries developed bombs also.
■Didn't produce near as much.
■During WW2 - Manhattan project was made.
■Soviet Union was not informed until Potsdam Conference on July 24, 1945.
■Americans distrusted Soviets.
■Klaus Fuchs was a German Scientist spy at Los Almos when the Manhattan Project was going on.
■When they cold war started Soviets started working on their weapons.
■American predicted USSR weapons would not be ready til mid 1950's.
■Both began to work with hydrogen bombs.
■ICBM's - intercontinental ballistic missiles or rockets. Most important developement in terms of delivery. Missiles were thought to be more effective than strategic bombs.
■Also were cheaper, faster, and more difficult to destroy.
■Biggest problem with ICBM was accuracy.
■Further distance travel meant less accuracy.
■Soviets thought if they had more missiles it meant less quality.
■Americans thought the exact opposite.
■Minuteman: were stored underground.
■October 4 1957 - USSR launched their first missile/satellite called the Sputnik.
■Showed they had missiles that could go anywhere.
■Thus creating the space race.
■In 1961, enough bombs were made to destory the whole world.
■America built DEW line around the Arctic-Defense and Early Warning System.
■Polaris was a submarine that America built, carried missiles underwater. Could move closer to USSR.
■Accuracy increased. Could carry 16 nuclear missiles.
■Defense: first attempts to defend against nuclear weapons in 1950's.
■Fallout shelters were made to hide the president and people were taught how to defend themselves.
■Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence kept from attacking each other or bad things will happen. If they attacked us, we'd attack back harder.

9. Bay of Pigs -

 

• Invasion launched by the CIA on the night of April 16, was not successful.
• CIA ran the invasion with the permission of JFK
• The invasion was set to overthrow Fidel Castro and his revoluntionist.
• But instead it just made them stronger.

 

 

10. The Cuban Missile Crisis-



■It considered the closest the world has ever came to a nuclear war.
■Cuba was on the edge of using their weapons if anyone invaded.
■It all started because USSR and US were in the Cold War. USSR was WAY behind US in the arms race.
■Cuba was already expecting an invasion from the US.
■Plan was contructed by Primier Nikita Khrushchev, as he felt this was the only way to catch up to the US in the nuclear arms race.
■Crisis began on October 15 1962. When US reconnaissance photos expulged that USSR missiles were under construction in Cuba.
■When JFK found out, he hastily formed the EX-COMM. This was he and his 12 closet buddies brainstorming out of this mess.
■JFK said that any missiles launched from Cuba would still be considered an attack from the USSR that all weapons will be removed from the island.
■JFk and Khrushchrev would communicate through writing letters. In the meantime, shouldiers would be alert about it. JFK had a blockade on the island, making sure no missiles got out of the island.
■The culmination of the Cuban Missile Crisis was when a U-2 recon plane was shot down over Cuba. It was the first sign of war, a man actually died.
■Khrushchrev wrote to JFK telling him that they'd take out all weapons, only if US didn't invade Cuba.
■There was a second letter from K guy before we could respond to the other one saying that they'll assure to leave Cuba, as long as teh US removes missiles from Turkey.
■General Robert Kennedy cleverly suggested to pretend they never got the second letter.
■All the tension began to disappear when both agreed on terms.

11. The Berlin Wall--Going Up and Coming Down-

 

• Barrier contructed by German Democratic republic.
• Started out as a wire fence, but then it started getting better, turning into concrete and having guard towers.
• Trying to keep Berlin contained.
• Eastern block was dominated by Soviets.
• Fascist - radical political indeolgy.
• Called it the wall of shame too.
• Socialist state of Germany.
• People in East Berlin were fleeing to West Berlin, because they didn't like the government.
• Around 5,000 people tried to escape, and those who didn't succeed they got shot down.
• Some families had relatives on the other side of the wall. So they couldn't see them.
• Kennedy appointed General Lucius D. Clay. He ordered Berlin Airlift.
• Was supposed to make the Germans feel reassured, safe.
• The police didn't do anything to stop us, they just watched.
• Hungary disabled it's border defenses against Austria.
• Many East Germans escaped through Hungary to Austria.
• Germans gathered at the gates, and guards were overwhelmed, so they just let the people go.
• Started Demolition on November 9 1989. People wall did not come down completely.
• Old roads that were cut off are now back together again.
• People came with hammers, sledgehammers, chisels, knocking off bits and pieces of the wall, for reminders or memories.
• Short sections and watchtowers have been left up as memorials.

12. Nixon's visit to China -

 

• President Nixon was a huge anti-communist.
• Relations between Soviet Union, China, and the US after WW2 were deteriorating.
• China was teetering on the edge of communism under Mao Zedong.
• In July of 1971 government officials were secretly visiting China in order to prepare.
• A lot of security was involved.
• The meeting took place in Feb. 1972.
• Took place in Beijing, Hanzghou, and someother place I didn't see.
• One thing that came out of the meeting was Shanghai Communique - still around today.
• Started their foriegn policy and it served as a document.
• Improved the relationship between US and China.
• Nixon said that it will build a bridge and unit the US and China.
• Nixon's biggest political acheivement during his presidency.

18. The new map of Europe(up to present)-



■Before the end of the Cold War the map of Europe looked different then it does now.
■The Soviet Union was known as the Iron Curtain
■They were involved in the3 Cold War with us.
■Soviet Union started to really collapsed after 1991.
■Countries in Europe formed after the break up of the USSR:
- Estonia: Part of Baltic States. It first started off as wanting economic freedom. As the USSR weekend Estonia deicided to go for full independence. They gained their independence on Sept. 6th, 1991.



- Lativa: Also part of Baltic States along with Estonia and Lithuania. Formed a human line from Estonia to Lithuania. Became free in 1991.



- Lithuania: Baltic States. Became apart of the United Nations on Sept. 18, 1991.



- Moldova: June 23, 1990, Moldova adopted the Declaration of Sovereighty. This put Moldova's laws over the USSR's laws.



- Russia: In 1885 Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR. He tried to move the USSR to a more democratic. They broke up December 1991.



- Ukraine: After the communist tried to move Gorbachev. August 24 1991 the Ukraine Government passed the act of independence. The act declared Ukraine of being a free nation.



- Belarus: Became free on December 8 1991.\



- Yugoslavia: Leader was Tito. Breakup was warfilled. Took awhile for all countries to break free.



- Countries formed after the break up of Yugoslavia: Bosnia Herzegovina. Croatia. Kosovo. Macedonia. Motenegro. Serbia(bad guys). Solvenia.

■East and West Germany broke at the end of WW2. Reunited 45 years later.