Leaders in World War II: **Adolf Hitler (Germany-Axis Powers) **Benito Mussolini (Italy-Axis Powers)**Winston Churchill (Great Britain-Allied Powers)**Franklin Roosevelt (U.S.-Allied Powers)**Tajekai To Jo (Japan-Axis Powers)**Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union-Allied Powers)Consequences brought to Germany from the Treaty of Versailles:
■World War II started because Hitler and Stalin were trying to take back land that they had lost in the Treaty of Versailles Military:
■Germany lost land to Belgium, France, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Poland because they were given Germany's land at the Paris Peace Conference Hitler invaded these countries and wanted all German speaking people to be a part of Germany
■German's army was drastically reduced to 100,000 men by the Treaty of Versailles and they were not allowed tanks or an airforce
■France established an area of land known as the Rhineland between them and Germany where there could be no military equipment
■This was set up so that if Germany tried to invade, France could stop them
■Hitler told the German people he was going to rebuild their army, and militarize the Rhineland again
■He realized that the League of Nations was going to let him get away with anything so he started taking over countries Financial:
■Lost industrial territory such as the Saar and Upper Silesia because of their coal supply
■Caused a vital economic loss
■Germany had to pay back their debts which caused them to almost go bankrupt and prices inflated
■Was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate
■The Treaty of Versailles' War Guild Clause said that Germany was responsible for the war and had to pay for all the damage
■This was considered a national insult to Germany and Hitler used this to appeal to the German people The League of Nations:
■This was Woodrow Wilson's final and main point in his Fourteen Points campaign
■It was meant to be a peace keeping organization that would hopefully prevent any future wars
■One of the league's biggest weaknesses was that the U.S never joined
■At the time, the U.S. was more isoaltionist and didn't want to get involved with European conflicts
■They thought it would put us in wars constantly
■This really hurt the prestige of the league because the U.S. was the most powerful nation at the time
■The league also did not have their own military which weakened them even more
■It also required unanimous vote to make decisions so things did not get done fast enough. They could issue sanctions but they would never really enforce anything. Like a guidance councellor would could talk to you but not do anything
■If we had joined, Hitler may not have become so powerful Germany:
■Was the most impacted by the Treaty of Versailles
■The geography of Europe was changed greatly due to the countries that took Germany's land
■Had a Parliamentary Republic during the war
■Set up the Weimar Republic which was the first time they ever had a democracy
■Hitler was appointed as chancellor by President Hiddenberg because he was really enthusiastic and wanted to rebuild Germany
■The Nazi's and communists came in and took advantage of the struggles they were having with the new democracy
■They blamed the Weimar Republic for causing all the problems and people believed him. Weimar ultimately failed and Hitler took over
■Hitler immediately got rid of/dissolves the democracy and made himself "De Feur" or leader and basically started a dicatorship in Germany
■Hitler got them back on their feet and promised jobs to people
■When he became leader, he delivered those jobs which was huge during their great depression
■After he got the economy back on track, he made them powerful again
■Also took back some of the land they had lost
■Wanted Europe to be the supreme power again and get rid of "undesirable" people, i.e. the Jews
■Killed off his opponents so that he would have control over everything
■Took away rights from the Jews to destroy their way of life at first
■Then they were put into concentration camps and put to work
■His final solution was to kill them all
■Basically wanted to undo the Treaty of Versailles
■Military strategies: Hitler used Blitzkreige (lightening warfare) to take over countries. Believed in offensive strategies
■Used airplane attack while tanks and soldiers were coming in to soften the target country's military and mess things up
■Worked very well
■Allies were Japan and Italy
■Called the Axis Powers
■After the war was over, Germany was split into East Germany and West Germany until 1991
■German cities were bombared and destroyed and thousands of soldiers died Italy
: ■Italy was an ally of the U.S. in World War I
■They were angry because they did not get all the land they were promised
■Had a constitutional monarchy at first with King Emmanuel
■Benito Mussolini worked his way up through the military and the king helped him develop his own government
■Part of the Facist party which was extreme pride and nationalism. People wanted to do anything that would benifit their country. Also had a strong military and was bent on imperialism
■Basically a dictatorship where everything you do should benefit your country
■Italy was very weak militarily
■The king asked Mussolini to become the leader because he knew he would not allow communism ■Mussolini gave army jobs, stregthened the military/economy, and kept out communists
■Mussolini got a big head and wanted to dominate the mediteranean area and as much of Africa as possible ■War strategy: Mussolini built up his navy and army so they could dominate the land and sea
■They were allies with Germany because Hitler and Mussolini were good friends Soviet Union:
■The Treaty of Versailles did not impact them too much
■Before WWI they annexed Ukraine, Georgia and a few other countries
■Became communist in the Bulshavick Revolution and dropped out of the war
■Ended up losing a lot of land to Germany including Poland, Ethiopia, Lativia, etc
■Joseph Stalin took over for Vladimir Lenin when he died
■Started becoming a dictator and pushed for industry, telling farmers how to plant their crops
■He started Five-Year plans where he wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output over the course of five years
■Nationalization-Industry
■Government took over all industrys in the Soviet Union
■Collectivization-Farms
■Government took over farms
■People fought back because they didn't want their farms and businesses controlled by the country
■About 10 million people died during the time when Stalin was taking over businesses in the Soviet Union ■***Was building tanks instead of food so people were starving
■Their military was strong but their people were suffering
■Killed any opponents too
■More people died under his reign than under Hitler's
■His goal was to improve the economy's output
■Military strategy: had red army
■Stalin was not ready for the German army
■Destroyed everything during their retreat so that Germany could not use anything
■Allies with Germany at first in the Soviet-German non-Agression pact where they agreed not to fight ■Soviets invaded Poland and did a bad job and Germany invaded them
■Then throughout most of the war they were allies with Great Britain, France, and the U.S.
■Winston Churchill said we should be more concerned with the Soviets than Germany
■Soviets had the highest number of causualties in WWII Japan:
■ Received German teritory, many islands
■Had an emperor, Emperor Hirohito
■Hideki Tojo was the leader of the military
■Hirohito approved the attacking of Pearl Harbor
■They couldn't trade with anyone because of high tariffs, and they wanted natural resources/imports ■Invaded Manchuria, Northern part of China, to get their resources
■Invaded the rest of China in 1937 to dominate Southeast Asia and be the dominant power
■Military had too much power and didn't listen to Hirohito
■Everything in Japan was pretty much destroyed because the United States was bombing them every day with the two atomic bombs and conventional bombs (basic bombs, non-atomic)
■Japan didn't want to invade the United States because they didn't think it would be easy
■We weren't trading oil with them, and they really wanted us to
■United States said Japan had to back out of China before oil would be traded with them again, but Japan didn't want to so they decided to bomb Pearl Harbor
■Japan didn't want us to get into the war so they bombed us, because they thought they were wiping out our whole Navy
■Many negative feelings came out after the Treaty of Versailles. They felt they deserved a place among the world powers but were being treated like a second-class nation
■Admiral Yamamoto was educated in the United States but said if they wanted to beat us they had to take out the Pacific fleet
■In the 1920s Japan did everything they could to make it look like they were close allies
■When the great depression hit the military came to power and said if they can't trade anymore they will invade instead
■Japan was practally demolished, but the United States helped rebuild it to stop the spread of Communism Great Britain:
■Treaty of Versailles gave them some German colonies in Africa
■Also got a lot of money from Germany
■Form of government is constitutional monarchy
■Winston Churchill as Prime Minister
■Wanted to beat Germany in the war and keep his land and citizens safe
■Great Britain was getting bombed every night
■Told his people to keep fighting and never give up
■Part of Allied Powers
■Lost some of its great power and their empire fell apart France:
■Got some land back from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles
■Also got colonies in Africa
■Very happy about Germany's military being diminished because they didn't have to worry about getting invaded
■Also got a lot of war reparations (money)
■Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French Underground which was their government who fled France and went to Great Britain. Worked out of London. This was because France was taken over by Germany
■Vichy Government was in the southern part of France and the Germans allowed them to run it themselves. The northern part was run by Nazi's
■Led by Marshal Henri Petain and were allies of Germany
■Goals were to promote industrial growth, give independence to Algeria, and also to keep Germany weak to prevent war from happening
■Got demolished by the German blizkrieg
■Built a huge concrete fortification system to keep Germany from invading called the Maginot Line ■Ultimately did not work
■Part of allied powers except for the Vichy Government who were axis
■A lot of France was hit pretty hard but they were never a dominate force
■World War II changed who the super powers were China:
■ China didn't sign the Treaty of Versailles
■Japan did get a little land from China but not much
■Government was an empire
■Chiang Kai Shek was the leader of the Nationalist party and hated Communists
■Official leader of China
■Leader of Communists was Mao Tse-Tung (or Zesong)
■Both fighted a lot over Communism
■United States supported Chiang Kai Shek
■Japan invaded China and China suffered a lot but did not surrender
■Thousands of people were killed by Japanese soldiers and women were raped by them
■China was allies
■Chiang Kai Shek didnt like the United States and thought we wanted to take over his country, so he wanted the war to be between United States and Soviet Union
■Wanted to defeat the Japanese
■Mao wins and Communist rules
■A lot of tension was created between China and Japan
■Lost millions of people, thousands of soldiers Canada
: ■Got a very small portion of land from the Treaty of Versailles
■Still a British colony but was slowly moving twards independence
■Didn't have a very good government
■Constitutional Monarchy
■William McKinzie King was the leader of Canada
■Came to power after being in politics for a while
■He served as the Prime Minister of Canada and was elected to that position
■Gave Canada their own voice and letting them have a say in war
■King lowered the tariffs but only did it to please the people of Canada
■Helped Britain during the war by helping in the Battle of Britain and helped escort ships
■Air Force and Navy played a major role
■Sent ground troops and fought in all areas of the war
■Canada was in the year two years longer than the United States
■Production of food and war goods was high on the homefront
■Allied powers
■Before the war they were an agricultural nation, and after the war they became industrial and modern ■Helped them achieve independenceAustralia:
■Australia didn't sign the Treaty of Versailles
■Had a small army after WWI
■Colony of Great Britain so they went to war
■Goals were to take defensive measure and build the military
■Helped the United States with fighting the Japanese on islands
■United States base of operation in the Pacific
■Important for troops, operations, and supplies
■Got independence after WWII
■A little more important than Canada
■Allied powers
■Changed foreign policy, grew military, and made industrialization quicker
■Became actually independent very slowly The United States:
■Did not sign the Treaty of Versailles because they thought the league of nations would get us involved in war and European affairs
■Democracy with FDR as president
■Tried to get jobs for people and primed the pump in an attempt to get us out of the Great Depression ■Japan attacked us and we entered the war the next day
■Then Germany and Italy declared war on us
■We focused on defeating Germany first because we felt they were the biggest threat
■The U.S. became the biggest power in the war
■Part of allied powers
■The Great Depression ended as a result of the war
■Gave people a lot of jobs
■U.S. was now the strongest country in the world
■Population and technology took off too, i.e. computers as a result of nuclear technology
■Lost about 300,000 people and spent billions of dollars Hitler's Goals:
■Wrote a book called Mein Kaumf or My Struggle which outlined his goals:
■1. To discriminate against the Jews (put blame on them)
■2. Undo the Treaty of Versailles to rebuild the German military, get back land that was lost, and restore pride in the country
■3. Breed a race of perfect Germans (blond hair/blue eyes) and create Lebensraum (living space) The Holocaust:* Was the genocide of approximately 6 million Jews during World War II* Genocide is the systematic extermination of a race* Other races were also killed which made the total 11 to 17 million* Hitler tried to get rid of Jews, gypsies, mentally/physically handicapped people, Slavic people, Polish people, homosexuals, communists/socialists, dark skinned people, mixed races, and Jehovah's Witnesses* He did this to get rid of all desirables to create his perfect Aryan race* Perfect Aryan was blonde haired, blue-eyed, tall, and muscular* Women from Scandinavian countries would volunteer themselves to have relations with Aryan German soldiers and given very good living conditions in "breeding houses"
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