Monday: Started notes on Russia
Tuesday: Russia notes
Wednesday: WWII movie
Thursday: WWII movie
Friday: no school
United States
- Belonged to the allied powers
- U.S., Great Britain, Russia,
*U.S. After WWI
- Never signed the Treaty of Versailles
- Wilson (democrat) vs. Congress (republican)
- Join the league of nations or go back to isolationism?
- Warren Harding won the 1920 presidential election with a promise to "return to normalcy"
- The U.S. went back to focusing on America
- 4, 5, 9 power pacts
- Also signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact denouncing war as a means to settle disputes
- Neutrality Acts
- Passed in the 1930s in response to issues in Europe and Asia
- Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in war conflicts
- 1935 - stop trading with countries at war
- 1936 - stop loaning money to countries at war
- 1937 - cash and carry system, weapons not included
- 1939 - cash and carry system, weapons included
- Quarantine Speech - 1937
- America First Committee
- Keep US out of war
- Focus on America first
- Panay incident - 1937
- American gunboat attacked on river in China by Japan
- 3 US troops killed, 45 wounded
- Japan said it was an accident, apologized and paid us $$
- Worsened US - Japanese relations
- Bases for Destroyers
- 50 US destroyers were given to Great Britain in exchange for land rights on British colonies for naval or air base purposes
- Lend-Lease act
- The end of neutrality
- Allowed US to sell, lend, or give war materials to nations we wanted to support
- US gave $50 billion to Allied nations
*Beginning of war
- Selective Training and Service Act
- Passed in 1940, ended in 1947
- Required that men of ages 21-35 register for the draft
- Extended from ages from 18-45 when US entered the war
- First peacetime draft in U.S. history
- Atlantic Charter
- Signed in August 1941 between the US and Great Britain
- Between FDR and Churchill
- Defined the allied goals for the post-war world
- Signed in August 1941 between the US and Great Britain
*Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Japan flew through the Pacific with no radio signals and in a place where there is no trading
- The Japanese were successful but a lot of ships could be fixed and re used
- Why did they attack?
- After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
- Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
- Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
- Only way to force US' hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of war
- Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat us
- Plan backfired and Japan "awoke a sleeping giant"
*FDR's War Message
- December 8th, 1941, war is declared
- Pearl Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked
- Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, Philippines, Wake Island, and Midway Island were also attacked
- Backdoor to War consipracy
- We forced Japan to attack us to get into war
- Got to war to Germany through Japan
Great Britain
- U.S.'s closest ally
- We sent a lot of supplies to them before and during the war
- Only country not taken over in Europe
*After WWI
- Further expansion of the British Empire
- Ireland got independence from Great Britain
- Economy wasn't great
- Signed the 4,5,&9 power pacts
- Joined league of nations
- Kellogg-Brian Pact (Did many of the things U.S. did to stay out of war)
- Went into a depression, huge unemployment rate
*Road to war
- Realized Germany was a massive threat
- Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement
- Declares war on Germany in 1939
- Winston Churchill becomes prime minister
*Leaders
- Neville Chamberlain
- First leader, forced out
- Lost power because of the outcry from the Munich Pact
- Gave into what Hitler wanted, made him look weak when Hitler broke his promise
- Winston Churchill
- Prime minister
- Self created position - minister of defence
- Clement Attlee
- Labour leader
- Took prime minister away from Churchill
*Casualties
- 388,000
*Battle strategies
- Heavy force
- Overwhelm by ground and air raids
- Scorched Earth
- Burn anything that would be useful to enemy (crops)
- First rate fighter pilots
- good pilots
*Battles
- Phoney War
- Germany invaded Poland
- Bombing raids
- 6 months of calmness after this - people thought it was over
- Second battle of El Alamein
- British empire and Germany-Italy
- Forced Germany to retreat
- In north Africa
- The Blitz (Battle of Britain)
- Attack on London from Germany
- Bombing raids - aiming at highly populated places
- 57 days
- The RAF saved Britain, Germany never got full air control
*War leaders
- Bernard Montgomery
- Field Marshall
- First major land victory made him hero
- Most famous British General
*Impacts
- Went bankrupt
- Had to rebuild a lot of the cities
- Left with many war finances
*End of war
- Hitler and Japan surrender in 1945
- UK lost its leading position in the world
- Lost many colonies
- New international peace organization
Soviet Union
- Part of the allied powers
*Between wars
- Russia drops out of WWI to fight Bolshevik Revolution
- The war between the communists and non communists
- Russia became communist and changed name to USSR in 1922
- Purges and deportations to slave labor camps in Siberia
- Strengthened the intelligence and secret service
- Spied on the allied powers (U.S.)
- Created a "cult of personality"
- Nationalization and Collectivization of the Soviet economy
- Taking farms and businesses away from people and making it the government's
- Industrialization of the Soviet economy
- Five year plans
- Achieved industrialization
- In 5 years, they wanted to increase the output of the Soviet Union by 200%
- Policies led to famine in Ukraine (5-10 million died, considered a genocide)
- Banned religion
*In the war
- Signed German-Soviet Non-Agression Pact in 1939, leading to the invasion of Poland
- Also invaded other european countries
- Signed a neutrality pact with Japan in 1941
- Invaded by Germany in June
- The Russian winter of 1941-42 changed the tide of the war
*Goals
- Destroy Nazi Germany
- Expand their communist system to control as many people and resources as possible
*Battles
- Operation Barbarossa
- Entire operation invading Soviet Union
- Big attacks
- Battle of Stalingrad
- Germany trying to push East
- High casualties
- Battle of Moscow
- Prepared, good defense
- Germany wasn't prepared for the winter weather
- Battle of Leningrad
- Germany Siege
- People were surrounded and starved to death
- Over 900 days
- Battle of Berlin
- Soviet Union's attack on the Germany infantry
- Right at the end, Hitler had committed suicide
*How did they help?
- The soviets attacked Berlin with full force
- Soviet ended on a "slaughter" of Germans
- Soviets and Germans both did terrible things to eachother
*Strategies
- Trench warfare
- Roadblocks
- Tank Raids
- Artiller
- Scorched earth
- Everything they couldn't take with them they burned so Germany couldn't use it
*Leaders
- Joseph Stalin
- 1929-1953, dictator
- Lenin died, there was a power struggle to see who would take over
- Stalin won, Lenin was not a fan of him
- Turned Soviet Union into a military superpower
- Started the Cold War
- Killed millions
*Cost and casualties
- $192 billion
- Casualties - 8-11 million war deaths, 27 million other deaths
*Homefront
- Most people packed up and moved East
- Many children still went to school
- War production increased
- Peasants were forced to work on collective farms
- farms were taken away from farmers due to lack of food in the country
- Many women got involved
- Attacked from the west, most people had to move
*Generals/people
- Georgy Zhukov
- Most succesful Russian general
- "The man who never lost a battle"
- Powerful, demoted by Stalin
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Foreign minister
- Helped a lot with the pact between Germany and Russia
- In charge of collective farms, thought of as evil
- Close with Stalin
- Ivan Konev
- One of the most outstanding generals
- 1941 - commander of the western front
- Failed within one month of defending Moscow
- Was planned to be executed
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Political commander
- Huge Stalin supporter
- After Stalin's death he stepped up as leader
*Impact
- Destroyed many big cities
- Set up communist governments in
- Poland, Hungary, Romania, etc.
- Becomes a leading world power
France
- Invaded in 1940
*Between wars
- Washington Naval conference, kellogg brand act, joined league of nations
- Built a huge concrete barrier between Germany
- Germany invades France through Belgium, don't go through the wall
*Allies
- Free French Underground
- based in London
- Our official name of the allie
- Charles De Gaulle
- Vichy Government
- Marshall Petain
- based in France
- Helped Germany
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