NOTES:
Pearl Harbor:
1. What caused WWII outbreak in Asia, Europe
Europe: Germany invaded Poland Britain and France couldn’t let anything else happen so the next bad thing to happen they would go to war. The next thing was Germany invading Poland.
Asia: Japan needed more resources so they invaded countries in Asia (China) Japan invaded mainly China in Manchuria for resources. While in China, they invaded Nanking. In Nanking, they killed thousands of people, raped thousands of women, children and elderly people. China was upset so they went to war with Japan. After Pearl Harbor, China declared war on Germany. 2. Short term and long term effects on the U.S. Term- The US lost 416,800 Soldiers in WWII, and 1,700 deaths of civilians due to military action from another country resulting in 416,800 deaths. Long Term- Made over 17 million jobs for people and raised wages because products were in such high demand. The government switched to more federal law which gave more power to the government. Women got to work in factories while the men were gone and they got better wages and put them a step forward into the women's rights movement. It also helped blacks because they got to fight in the war which made the whites think different of them and also put them ahead. 3. What happened on this day On December 7, 1941 Japanese Military was sent on an attack to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in the U.S to provoke the U.S. to come into the war. They bombed several Navy ships like the U.S.S Arizona, 2402 people died and 1282 were wounded. How we got involved into the war We had been neutral even without showing true neutral actions like sending troops and ammunition to the british, but once the Japanese bombed us at pearl harbor we declared war against Japan causing Germany and Italy, Japan’s allies, to declare war on the US.
5. What the U.S. did in response to Pearl Harbor?
The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of United States Congress. Then he signed the declaration of war.
Some historians believe the attack doomed Japan to defeat simply because it awakened the "sleeping giant"
5. Why did we stop trading oil with Japan? When Japan seized Indochina (now Vietnam) in 1940-41, the United States, along with Australia, Britain and the Dutch government in exile, boycotted Japan via a trade embargo.They cut off 90% of Japan's oil supply, and Japan had to either withdraw from China or go to war with the US and Britain as well as China to get the oil.
2.) North Africa
The Desert Fox (Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel)
Fought in World War I
One of Hitler’s favorite generals
Never joined the Nazi Party
Regarded as one of the most humane and professional officers of the war
Minimal participation in the Invasion of Poland
Lead the elite “Ghost Divison” during the occupation of France and Belgium
Leader of the Afrika Korps during the North African Campaign
Oversaw the “Atlantic Wall” at the Normandy beaches in 1944
Possibly involved in the July 20th Plot to kill Hitler
Forced to commit suicide on October 19, 1944 at age 52
Smiling Al (Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring)
Served in World War I
One of the most popular generals of World War II
Commanded air forces during the Occupation of Poland and France
Oversaw air forces for the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
Commanded all German troops in the Mediterranean area
Strongly disliked by most Italians
Stood trial for war crimes, sentenced to death
Churchill convinced Prime Minister Atlee to commute his death sentence to life imprisonment
Released from prison in 1952 due to throat cancer
Died on July 16, 1960 of a heart attack at age 74
Monty (Field Marshal The Right Hounourable Bernard Montgomery 1st Viscount of Alamein)
Fought in World War I
Commander of the Eighth British Army
Lead the British forces during Operation Torch
Winner of the turning point of the North African Campaign First Battle of El Alamein in Egypt
Competed frequently with General Patton to take certain cities or towns
Took part in the initial invasion of Italy
Commander of all ground forces during Operation Overlord
Stopped the Russian advance to Denmark and Northern Germany near the end of the war
Became leader of the British Occupation Forces after the war
Became Eisenhower’s deputy after the creation of NATO in 1951
Died on March 25, 1976 at age 88
Bandito (General George Patton Jr.)
Attended West Point Military Academy
Competed in the 1912 Olympic Games held in Stockholm Sweden, he was the top non-Swedish finisher at 5th place
Was aide to General of the Armies John Pershing in the hunt for Pancho Villa
Fought in World War I
Planned and commanded Operation Torch
Commanded the Seventh Army during the invasion of Sicily
Very aggressive and impatient, not always liked by his troops
Played a small role in Operation Overlord
Commander during the Battle of the Bulge
After Victory in Europe, he tried to move to the Pacific Theater
Military governor of Bavaria after the war
Paralyzed in an accident on December 9, 1945 died of heart failure on December 21 at age 60
Ike (Supreme Commander Dwight Eisenhower)
Attended West Point, part of “the class the stars fell on”
Supreme Commander of all Allied forces in Europe
Oversaw and planned almost every major battle of the European Theater
Became one of only 4 officers to be promoted to General of the Army during World War II
Became good friends with Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov
US Occupation zone Military Governor
Appointed President of Columbia University in 1948, and Supreme Commander of NATO after its creation in 1951
Became President on January 20, 1953 and held the office until 1961
Died of heart failure March 28, 1969 at age 78
Mediterranean.
began june of 1940, 4 years 10 months long
destroy supply lines
main militaries involved
german
italian
british
french
other militaries involved
australia
canada
greece
brazil
yugoslavia
USA
battle of calabria
first battle in the mediterranean of wwii
took place july 9th, just 4 weeks after hostilities started in the region
battle of taranto
british use torpedo bombers to attack anchored italian ships in the first attack of its kind
they had great success with the attack by sinking one ship and severely damaging 2 others
this battle put the italian fleet out of commission for several months
- U.S. War in Italy-
Background
Lasted from July 10, 1943 to May 2, 1945
U.S. and Great Britain believed that an invasion of Italy would divert German troops from the northern front and make it easier for the U.S. to invade Normandy
Invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky)
Began on July 10, 1943
Involved a land/ airborne invasion on the southern shore of Sicily… Their ultimate goal was to capture Messina but it’s coast was too heavily fortified
Allies captured Sicily in August, 1943 with little resistance as most of the troops in Messina had retreated to the mainland
New Italian Government
Benito Mussolini was arrested on July 24, 1943
New Italian government (headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio) began to discuss an armistice with Allies
Although the Italians were done fighting the Allies, the Germans continued to fight against the Allies on Italian soil
Invasion of Italy
Began on September 9, 1943 in Salerno
German Commander Kesselring had set up defensive lines all across the narrow peninsula
Progress was slow and it took several months for the Allies to push through the Monte Cassino and Gustav line
After the Allies broke through in May 1944, General Clark decided to invade Rome rather than finish off the remaining German soldiers retreating from Cassino
General Clark’s unit moved into Rome on June 4, 144 but because of the upcoming D-Day invasion, several of his divisions were taken and put in France
Because of the slow progress, the Allies decided to stop their advance and wait out the GermanT’s until the end of the war
German forces in Italy surrendered on May 2, 1945
Causalities
300,000 Allied troops KIA, wounded, or MIA
434,000 Axis troops KIA, wounded, or MIA
3.) Europe-
From Junes 6th 1944-may 6, 1945
c. Battle of the Bulge (December 16th to January 25th)
- This Battle was one of hitlers last big offensives of the war.
- Reason
- Battle of surprise
- German tactics (Encircle and Destroy)
- Dense forests in the Western Front of Europe
- Weather
- 19,000 Deaths
- 89,000 Casualties
2. D-day
A. operation Overlord
- battle that won the war
B. Normandy beach, France
- Tuesday June 6, 1944 6:30 am
- divided into 5 landings
- weather
-German defences
- casualties 10,000 british canadian and U.S.
- commander of D-Day Dwight D Eisenhower
- beach was in control by the end of the day
2. Strategic Bombing
aimed at the industrial heart of Germany
-used “flying fortresses”
a. precision bombing
during daylight
vital locations
-airfields, shipyards, railroads, factories, etc.
-wanted to cause resource allocation in German
3. VE Day
a. Victory in Europe Day (May 8th, 1945)
- Nazis unconditional surrender of its armed forces
- marked the end of the war
- surrender was authorized by Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz after Hitler committed suicide
b. Celebrations
- erupted throughout the Western world
- happened on Harry Truman’s 61st birthday
Philippines happened june,19-20,1944
it was a major naval battle
it took place during the Untied States amphibious invasion of the Mariana Islands during the pacific war
the battle was the last of five major carrier versus carrier engagements between americans and japanese naval forces
major generals for america were Raymond A. Spruance and Marc A. Mitscher
the battles nickname was the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot
Iwo Jima
fought february 19- March 26 1945
it was also called Operation Detachments it was a major battle in which the us armed forces fought for, the captured the island of Iwo Jima for the Japanese Empire.
Japan
Battle of Okinawa
largest amphibious assault in the pacific war of WWII
began april 1945
fought on the ryukyu islands of okinawa
invasion was supported by naval, amphibious, and tactical air forces
the battle was nicknamed “typhoon of steel” because of the kamikaze attacks
japanese surrendered less than 2 months after the end of the battle
the allies won
Doolittle's Raid
also known as Tokyo raid
took place on april 18th 1942
Coral Sea
-fought may 4-8th 1942 it was major naval battle
Midway
was one of the most important naval battles of world war 2
between june 4 and 7 1942
Major Generals
Chester W Nimitz
Frank Jack Fletcher
Raymond A. Spruance
Navajo Code Talkers
-Navajo indians were recruited for the US Marines as code talkers in 1942
-Philip Johnston came up with the idea to use the Navajo language for military purposes
-Navajo language was an unwritten language of extreme complexity
-By December 7, 1941, only 30 non-Navajo people (no Japanese) could understand the Navajo language
-The Navajo code was slightly different from their language (A Navajo soldier taken POW by the Japanese couldn’t understand the Navajo code)
-Navajos could encode, transmit, and decode a 3-line english message in 20 seconds, much faster than encoding machines
-They were a part of every assault the Marines took conducted in the Pacific
-Navajo veterans were honored in 1992 for their contribution to US defense
Island hopping was very difficult for most American fighters to do. It was very expensive, and Japan had control of many of the islands that the americans “Hopped” onto. After a little time the island hopping paid off because the USA gained control over many of the islands that Japan had control of at one time. The USA
Atomic Bombings (Manhattan Project)
-Idea of a nuclear bomb started around 1930
-Idea was never taken seriously, even with the support of Albert Einstein
“What would America want with such a weapon?” -Franklin Roosevelt
-War with Germany and Japan made it necessary to produce the weapon
-Robert Oppenheimer started the Manhattan Project
-Though the Axis had no chance of building an A-bomb (no scientists or resources), the Allies rushed research was based on the fear of them making one
-The project cost $2 billion and included 600,000 people for its research and production, yet it stayed completely secret
-The project ended on July 16, 1945 when they successfully tested a plutonium bomb in the New Mexican desert
Atomic Bombings (Hiroshima & Nagasaki)
-Instead of invading Japan at the cost of American lives, it was decided to drop two Atomic bombs on Japanese cities
-The military supply base of Hiroshima was the first target; hit on August 6, 1945
-⅔ the city was destroyed, and about 80,000 died (another 80,000 died from radiation the following years)
-The weapons arsenal of Kokura was the next target, but thick clouds blocked the bomb-aimer’s view
-After flying another 100 miles Southwest, they dropped the bomb on the industrial city of Nagasaki; hit on August 9, 1945
-Nagasaki didn’t suffer as much damage as Hiroshima (less to destroy) but had just as many deaths
-Japan surrendered about a month after on September 2, 1945, ending the war
HOMEFRONT:
Government Organizations--propaganda, rationing, war production, mass Production
Propaganda
Most people didn’t want to go to war because of the great loss in world war 2
Wasn’t successful until after Pearl Harbor, this was when the war seemed closer than it was
They started with kids in the posters
Rationing
was used to stop famine
gave more food to send to troops
War Production
War Production Board (WPB)
supervised was production
was established on January 16,1942
Directed the conversion of industries from peacetime work to war needs
It distributed the materials needed
It was dissolved shortly after the defeat of Japan
Mass Production
we had the capacity to build everything that germany did and we didn’t do it untill we go into the war
Penicillin was mass produced during this time
The American production rate was so great that they supplied the Allies with 800,000 tanks
in 1940, America had supplied 23,000 planes for themselves England, and French
Japanese Americans -
Homefront: the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad.
What did women and kids do to help? Jilian
Women went to work in factories to produce war goods (arms, tanks, planes, ships, vehicles).
# of men in the war rose from 190,000 to 10 million by the beginning and end of the war.
Women took over tough physical jobs that men had
Women who went to work in factories and produced war supplies had the nickname “Rosie the Riveter”
Teens would suddenly marry before their boyfriend had to leave for war
Street car “conductorettes” in New Orleans
Kids sold war bonds and did more around the house to make up for their working mothers
War bonds: debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war
Manhattan Projects in US
Research and development project that helped create the first atomic bombs in WW2
Supported by the UK and Canada
Main project sites
Los Alamos, New Mexico - Main building site
Richland, Washington
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Research for these bombs was mostly done by universities (college students)
After the final cost was added up, It was around $2 billion
On July 16, 1945- the first atomic bomb was tested
A blinding flash visible for 200 miles lit up the morning sky
A mushroom cloud reached 40,000 feet
Blew out windows of civilian homes up to 100 miles away
when the cloud returned to earth it created a half-mile wide crater turning sand into glass
New Mexico
Japanese Americans -
1942-1944
10,000-127,000 imprisoned
Some died of medical things and killed by guards
Families separated
10 camps in 7 western states
Conditions not good
Could leave camps to go to war. Only 1,200 went.
Lost everything
Jobs
Houses
Belongings
Prisons
Guarded
Surrounded with wire
Being Japanese ancestry
Living
Ate in mess halls
Lived in barracks
Adults work for $5
Children went to school
No plumbing
Rationed food- 48 cents
Japanese American Redress Bill- Civil Liberties Act of 1988
$20,000 for troubles
- Ended in 1998
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