March 14-18

[1Nicole]

Monday: Finished Russia and started U.S. notes

Tuesday: U.S. notes

Wednesday: U.S. notes

Thursday: U.S. notes

Friday: Finished U.S. notes

United States

• Belonged to the allied powers
  • U.S., Great Britain, Russia, 

*U.S. After WWI

• Never signed the Treaty of VersaillesWarren Harding won the 1920 presidential election with a promise to "return to normalcy"
  • Wilson (democrat) vs. Congress (republican)
  • Join the league of nations or go back to isolationism?
• The U.S. went back to focusing on America
• 4, 5, 9 power pacts
• Also signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact denouncing war as a means to settle disputes
• Neutrality ActsQuarantine Speech - 1937
  • Passed in the 1930s in response to issues in Europe and Asia 
  • Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in war conflicts
  • 1935 - stop trading with countries at war
  • 1936 - stop loaning money to countries at war
  • 1937 - cash and carry system, weapons not included
  • 1939 - cash and carry system, weapons included
• America First Committee
  • Keep US out of war
  • Focus on America first
•  Panay incident - 1937
  • American gunboat attacked on river in China by Japan
  • 3 US troops killed, 45 wounded
  • Japan said it was an accident, apologized and paid us $$
  • Worsened US - Japanese relations
• Bases for Destroyers 
  • 50 US destroyers were given to Great Britain in exchange for land rights on British colonies for naval or air base purposes
• Lend-Lease act
  • The end of neutrality
  • Allowed US to sell, lend, or give war materials to nations we wanted to support
  • US gave $50 billion to Allied nations

*Beginning of war

• Selective Training and Service Act
  • Passed in 1940, ended in 1947
  • Required that men of ages 21-35 register for the draft
  • Extended from ages from 18-45 when US entered the war
  • First peacetime draft in U.S. history
• Atlantic Charter
  • Signed in August 1941 between the US and Great Britain
    • Between FDR and Churchill
  • Defined the allied goals for the post-war world

War with Japa

*Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Japan flew through the Pacific with no radio signals and in a place where there is no trading
• The Japanese were successful but a lot of ships could be fixed and re used
• Why did they attack?
  • After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
  • Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
  • Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
  • Only way to force US' hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of war
  • Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat us
  • Plan backfired and Japan "awoke a sleeping giant"

*FDR's War Message

• December 8th, 1941, war is declared
• Pearl Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked
  • Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, Philippines, Wake Island, and Midway Island were also attacked
• Backdoor to War consipracy
  • We forced Japan to attack us to get into war
  • Got to war to Germany through Japan

*Bataan Death March

• Up to 10,000 Filipinos and 650 American POW's died during the march
• Marching from one labor camp to another

*Doolittle's Raid - April, 1942

• Wanted to hit Tokyo as soon as possible to show Americans we can fight back
• The military thought it was stupid, no military advantage
• Bombed Tokyo and crashed in China, most pilots didn't die
• First positive thing for us out of the war

*Kamikazes

• Suicide planes
• Would dive into a ship, causing the ships to sink
• Caused a lot of damage, but also ruined their own pilots and planes

*Battles

• Battle of Coral Sea - May, 1942
  • Not a decisive victory for either side, stale
  • By Japan not winning, it was a win for the U.S.
  • If they would have one, Japan probably would have invaded Australia 
• Battle of Midway - June, 1942Guadalcanal - August, 1942-February, 1943
  • Has and airstrip, we wanted it
  • We won easily
  • turning point, Japan was never the same again
  • Magic: we knew this attack was happening and all of the details
  • We were able to strike them before they striked us, we broke their code
• • The first battle we went on the offensive side on
  • U.S. won
• Battle of Leyte Gulf-Philippines  - 1944
  • We massively destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers and ships
  • Japan was never the same 
• Iwo Jima - February - March, 1945
  • Hard battle to win
  • We lost 6,821 men
  • Thought Japan had withdrawn, they didn't
  • Raised a flag on Mt. Suribachi, iconic picture in American history
• Battle of Okinawa - April-June, 1945
  • Actual part of Japan

*Summer 1945 - Preparing for the Invasion of Japan

• Operation Downfall
• Planned for October, 1945
• Estimated to have over 1 million U.S. casualties
• Estimated 267,000 deaths
• Why didn't this take place?
  • The atomic bomb
  • The bomb would end the war in a week, the invasion would have taken over a year
  • Killed a lot of civilians, it was accepted

*The Manhattan Project

• 1939-1945
• Code name for the development of the atomic bomb
• Developed by American Scientists (Albert Einstein)
• Trinity Test - July 16,1945
  • First test
  • New Mexico
  • Had to wait several days before they could go to the sight because of radiation
  • Sand was turned to glass, hotter than the sun
• Enola Gay
  • Name of the specific airplane that carried the bombs
  • Extremely heavy, had to develop an airplane to drop the atomic bombs
  • Paul Tibbits - Pilot for the plane
• Hiroshima bombing
  • "Little Boy"
  • Target was a bridge 
  • Most people died of fires caused by the bomb
  • Most things went smoothly with this
• Nagasaki Bombing
  • Japan did not surrender
  • "Fat Man"
  • Bockscar was the plane
  • Chose Nagasaki because the other cities were too cloud covered
  • Were giving orders to not drop the bomb if cannot see clearly
  • This bomb was twice as powerful, did a lot less damage 
  • Missed the target
  • Japan then surrendered

*VJ Day

• August 14/15, 1945 (Official UK)
• September 2, 1945 (Official for US)
• When Japan officially signed on USS Missouri

*Potsdam Conference

• On July 26, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration
• Announced the terms for Japan's surrender
• "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives."
• Potsdam Declaration - July, 1945
  • Dismantle the current government of Japan (excluding Emperor Hirohito)
  • The Allies (US) will occupy Japan
  • Japan will consist only of the major islands (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku). 
  • It will lose all territory gained in WWII and years leading up to it
  • Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home
  • There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout WWII
  • Democracy will be promoted as well as Freedom of speech, religion, and of thought, as well as respect for fundamental human rights
  • Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations
  • World trade will be enabled at some point
  • Allied (US) occupation of Japan (1945-1952) will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points
  • If they did not surrender, "The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction"

War vs. Germany 

*The German Westwall - Siegfried Line

• Wall built to keep out other forces

*German U-Boats

• After repeated attacks by German U-Boats on U.S. ships in the Fall of 1941, FDR announced that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war ships in the "waters where we deem necessary for our defense"
• War was imminent!

*Convoy System

• Way to fight against German U-boats
• Boats started traveling in large groups, would be surrounded by war boats 
• Was able to get more supplies to Great Britain than Germany was able to sink

*Allied Intelligence

• Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers
• The allies shared information from RADAR and High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (huff duff)
• RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface
• Huff Duff was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines
• Allied intelligence leaders began sharing code-breaking secrets, known as "very special intelligence" and classified under cover-names like "ULTRA" and "MAGIC"
• ULTRA
  • British intelligence system of intercepting and breaking Germany's code
• MAGIC
  • U.S.'s system of intercepting and breaking Japanese military code
• Enigma 
  • System in which Germany transferred their information through codes
  • Solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of World War II
  • During periods when Allied cryptanalysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-boats destroyed the U.S. ships
  • We stole an enigma machine
• Bombe
  • Giant computer helped to decode things

*Hunter-Killers

• Depth Charges
  • Chased down boats and explodes them
  • Attacked U-Boats
• Aircrafts
  • Aircrafts could also hunt down and kill U-Boats

*Dwight Eisenhower

• Very famous General
• Fought everywhere in WWII and then became president

*D-Day Operation Overlord - June 6, 1944

• Invading the beaches of Normady and several others in France, under Germany control
• 3 Major generals
  • Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley
• 156,000 Allied troops from the United States and other countries
• The "D" stands for the day of days
• 5,000 ships and landing craft, 50,000 vehicles, 11,000 planes
• Germans had Atlantic wall - very challenging
• By June 11, the beaches were firmly secured
• Paris was liberated on August 25th
• Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945

*Battle of the Bulge

• Hitler's last major offensive of the war
• 5-6 months before Germany's surrender
• Tried to create a bulge to get to the sea and take back Paris
• High casualties
• Worst battle with the U.S. in WWII
• The Malmedy Massacre
  • 86 U.S. soldiers were murdered by Germans after they surrendered
  • One of the worst atrocities committed against American troops

*Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945

• Before the end of WWII, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met at Yalta, USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended
• They planned the following:
  • The establishment of the United Nations
  • Germany to be divided into 4 zones
  • Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe
  • USSR promised to join the war against Japan

*V-E Day - May 8, 1945

• Victory in Europe day
• War with Japan not over yet, but celebrated

*Women in WWII

• Rosie the Riveter
  • Represented Women in WWII
  • Roll up your sleeves, work in the factories
• Role in WWII
  • Many still stayed home and did traditional work
  • Grow your own food, be self sufficient 
• Nurses
  • Very important to the war
  • Needed a lot of women to be nurses
• War Jobs
  • Things that people need to get done in the government that the men can't do
  • Go to your U.S. employment service and get a job
  • Also needed to do a lot of jobs that the men would normally do
  • "The more women at work, the sooner we win!"
• Each branch of military had a place for women
  • Could not fight on front lines
  • Do non-combat like jobs
  • Working with maps, photography, secretaries
  • Women's army corps
  • The "waves" - women's navy
  • WASP - women's army service pilots

*"Tokyo Rose" - Iva Toguri

• Forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan
• In these radio programs, she taunted the troops and played music from home
• She was  U.S. citizen in Japan
• Convicted of treason

*Native Americans - Navajo Code Talkers

• The Navajo language had never been written down, would only be spoken by the Navajo
• We used this to put our information into code
• The Germans and Japanese never broke this code
• If these code talkers were captured by Japanese, U.S. soldiers were told to shoot them

*African Americans 

• Tuskegee Institute/Airmen
  • Bombers
• A lot of jobs African Americans had were cooks, janitors, not fighting jobs
• Eventually got real fighting jobs, they wanted them

*Asian Americans in 

• Played every role in the war

*Hollywood

• Entertained and took peoples' minds off of the war
• Propaganda - Made Germany and Japan look bad, got peoples support
• Bob Hope (USO) Tour 
  • Getting entertainers to go entertain the troops over seas
  • Bob Hope was very good about pushing this
  • United Service Organizations

*Kilroy Engraving on the WWII Memorial in DC

• Song from the sticks
• There was a shipyard supervisor (James Kilroy) they think he drew this doodle on a lot of crates, Hitler got wind of this and thought he was a spy 
• "Kilroy was here" it went viral

*OPA and Rationing

• The Office of Price Administration was established in 1941 under to administer price controls
• Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat, clothing, material, nylon, etc.
• Gasoline rationing began in May 1942 limiting use to five gallons per week
  • By the end of 1942, half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, allowing 4 gallons per week
  • The other half of automobiles had either a B sticker (work workers) or C sticker (health occupations)
  • Truckers had a T sticker for unlimited amounts
• A black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers that were used in 5-30% of gasoline sales
• By 1945, there were 32,500 motorists arrested for using such false stickers. Many convicted and gas stations closed 

*War Production Board

• Encouraging people to keep working and don't waste time
• Production is a huge part of winning the war - need to make a ton of supplies

*War Finance Committee and War Bonds

• Over the course of the war, 85 million Americans purchased bonds totaling approximately $185 billion
• Helped pay for the war
• It was an investment for US citizens
• As low as $18.75 per bond
• Ten years later gov't paid out $25
• A lot of propaganda to buy war bonds

*Japanese Internment Camps

• Japanese - Americans were suspected of being spies and helping the enemy
• Forced them to go to internment camps, could bring limited things
• Sold their homes
• They weren't slave-like, they had to work and got paid
• The kids went to school
• Conditions weren't great, sandy desert areas 
• Bill Clinton wrote a lot of these people letters later on and gave them money

Great Britain

• U.S.'s closest ally 
• We sent a lot of supplies to them before and during the war
• Only country not taken over in Europe

*After WWI

• Further expansion of the British Empire 
• Ireland got independence from Great Britain 
• Economy wasn't great
• Signed the 4,5,&9 power pacts
• Joined league of nations
• Kellogg-Brian Pact       (Did many of the things U.S. did to stay out of war)
• Went into a depression, huge unemployment rate

*Road to war

• Realized Germany was a massive threat
• Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement
• Declares war on Germany in 1939
• Winston Churchill becomes prime minister

*Leaders

• Neville Chamberlain 
  • First leader, forced out 
  • Lost power because of the outcry from the Munich Pact
  • Gave into what Hitler wanted, made him look weak when Hitler broke his promise
• Winston Churchill 
  • Prime minister
  • Self created position - minister of defence
• Clement Attlee 
  • Labour leader 
  • Took prime minister away from Churchill

*Casualties

• 388,000

*Battle strategies

• Heavy force 
  • Overwhelm by ground and air raids
• Scorched Earth
  • Burn anything that would be useful to enemy (crops)
• First rate fighter pilots
  • good pilots 

*Battles

• Phoney War
  • Germany invaded Poland 
  • Bombing raids
  • 6 months of calmness after this - people thought it was over
• Second battle of El Alamein
  • British empire and Germany-Italy
  • Forced Germany to retreat
  • In north Africa
• The Blitz (Battle of Britain)
  • Attack on London from Germany
  • Bombing raids - aiming at highly populated places
  • 57 days
  • The RAF saved Britain, Germany never got full air control

*War leaders

• Bernard Montgomery
  • Field Marshall
  • First major land victory made him hero
  • Most famous British General

*Impacts

• Went bankrupt
• Had to rebuild a lot of the cities
• Left with many war finances

*End of war

• Hitler and Japan surrender in 1945
• UK lost its leading position in the world
• Lost many colonies
• New international peace organization

Soviet Union

• Part of the allied powers

*Between wars

• Russia drops out of WWI to fight Bolshevik RevolutionRussia became communist and changed name to USSR in 1922
  • The war between the communists and non communists
• Purges and deportations to slave labor camps in Siberia
• Strengthened the intelligence and secret serviceCreated a "cult of personality"
  • Spied on the allied powers (U.S.)
• Nationalization and Collectivization of the Soviet economyIndustrialization of the Soviet economy
  • Taking farms and businesses away from people and making it the government's
• Five year plansPolicies led to famine in Ukraine (5-10 million died, considered a genocide)
  • Achieved industrialization
  • In 5 years, they wanted to increase the output of the Soviet Union by 200%
• Banned religion

*In the war

• Signed German-Soviet Non-Agression Pact in 1939, leading to the invasion of Poland
• Also invaded other european countries
• Signed a neutrality pact with Japan in 1941
• Invaded by Germany in June
• Stalin retreated and "scorched Earth" - he burned everything the Germans could use to help themselves
• The Russian winter of 1941-42 changed the tide of the war

*Goals

• Destroy Nazi Germany
• Expand their communist system to control as many people and resources as possible

*Battles

If we take these 3 cities: 

• Leningrad
• Moscow
• Stalingrad
• Operation Barbarossa
  • Entire operation invading Soviet Union
  • Big attacks
• Battle of Stalingrad
  • Germany trying to push East
  • High casualties
• Battle of Moscow
  • Prepared, good defense
  • Germany wasn't prepared for the winter weather
• Battle of Leningrad
  • Germany Siege 
  • People were surrounded and starved to death
  • Over 900 days
• Battle of Berlin
  • Soviet Union's attack on the Germany infantry
  • Right at the end, Hitler had committed suicide

*How did they help?

• The soviets attacked Berlin with full force
• Soviet ended on a "slaughter" of Germans
• Soviets and Germans both did terrible things to eachother

*Strategies

• Trench warfare
• Roadblocks
• Tank Raids
• Artiller
• Scorched earth
  • Everything they couldn't take with them they burned so Germany couldn't use it

*Leaders

• Joseph Stalin
  • 1929-1953, dictator
  • Lenin died, there was a power struggle to see who would take over
  • Stalin won, Lenin was not a fan of him
  • Turned Soviet Union into a military superpower
  • Started the Cold War
  • Killed millions

*Cost and casualties

• $192 billion
• Casualties - 8-11 million war deaths, 27 million other deaths

*Homefront

• Most people packed up and moved East
• Many children still went to school
• War production increased
• Peasants were forced to work on collective farmsMany women got involved
  • farms were taken away from farmers due to lack of food in the country
• Attacked from the west, most people had to move

*Generals/people

• Georgy Zhukov
  • Most succesful Russian general
  • "The man who never lost a battle"
  • Powerful, demoted by Stalin
• Vyacheslav Molotov
  • Foreign minister
  • Helped a lot with the pact between Germany and Russia
  • In charge of collective farms, thought of as evil
  • Close with Stalin
• Ivan Konev
  • One of the most outstanding generals
  • 1941 - commander of the western front
  • Failed within one month of defending Moscow
  • Was planned to be executed
• Nikita Khrushchev
  • Political commander
  • Huge Stalin supporter
  • After Stalin's death he stepped up as leader

*Impact

• Destroyed many big cities
• Set up communist governments in Becomes a leading world power
  • Poland, Hungary, Romania, etc.

France

• Invaded in 1940

*Between wars

• Washington Naval conference, kellogg brand act, joined league of nations
• Built a huge concrete barrier between Germany
  • Germany invades France through Belgium, don't go through the wall

*Allies

• Free French Underground
  • based in London
  • Our official name of the allie
  • Charles De Gaulle
• Vichy Government
  • Marshall Petain
  • based in France 
  • Helped Germany