March 13- March 17

[5 Tara]

March 13 (Monday)- Continued presentations notes below 

March 14 (Tuesday)-  Discussed brackets and continued presentations 

March 15 (Wednesday)- Mr. Bruns started his presentation notes below 

March 16 (Thursday)- Discussed Dixie Shanahan and continued Mr. Bruns presentation 

March 17 (Friday)-  Continued presentations 

Sculptures Continued From Last Week 

• Peta
  • Virgin Mary carrying Jesus 
  • Located: St. Peter's Basilica 

Architecture 

• St. Peter's Basilica
  • Vatican City 
• Medici Chapel 
  • Purpose; Celebrating the Medici family, patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of Tuscany
  • Location- Province of Florence 

Donatello 

• Florence, Italy
• Known for: Sculpture 

Sculpture 

• Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata 
  • Located: Piazza del Santo in Padua, Italy 
  • Known as a Mercenary leaders 
  • Horse 
• Saint Mark 
  • Lacated: Orsanmichele church, Florence 
  • Statue of a guy

Legacy of the Renaissance 

Legacy

• Rebirth after dark ages
• Learning become huge again 
• Art and sciences became more important 

Why 

• Middle ages were time of fear 
• Wanted a change
• Started believing in other things than catholicism 
• Started believing in their own ideas (Science and arts) 

Why Was There a Renaissance 

• People were no longer considered heretics for going against the church 
• Church lost power because of new ideas 
• Independent thinking 
• Arts and science made huge advancements 

Renaissance started in Florence, Italy

Renaissance is french for rebirth 

Exploration throughout the Renaissance 

• Coast of Africa was explored by Henry the Navigator 
• America was explored/discovered by Christopher Columbus 

Art 

• Focused on detail 
• Helped in advances in medicine 

Literature 

• Big change in literature 
• More involved with human characteristics and behaviors 

Education

• Became huge again 
• People started learning new ideas

Philosophy 

• Focused less on spirituality like the church had taught 
• Focused on physical parts of the human body 
• Catholic Church lost the power it had over what people thought about themselves and the universe 

Science 

• Many new inventions such as telescope, clocks, and glasses 
• Major advances in astronomy and anatomy, engineering techniques improved greatly 

Results 

• Education got better
• New ideas (Inventions)
• Less power to the church 

Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther

• 16th century 
• Schism from the Roman Catholic Church 
• Initiated by Martin Luther

Reformation Leaders 

• Martin Luther 
• John Calvin 
• Huldrych Zwingli 
• 26 more leaders 

• Significant earlier attempts by Jan Hos, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe tried before Luther but failed 
• Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the reformation with his 95 thesis 

Martin Luther

• German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk 
• Initiated the Protestant Reformation 
• Born in Germany 
• His followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin the Protestant tradition 
• When he was 19 entered University of Erfurt 
• Woke up 4 AM every morning to learn
• Received Master of Arts degree (Grammar, logic, rhetoric, metaphysics) 
• Enrolled in law school but dropped because it wasn't his cup of tea 
• Had life changing experience set him on a new course 
• Caught in horrific thunderstorm where he feared his life 
• He cried out to St. Anne promising he'd become a monk if he lived
• Storm went away he was saved

95 Thesis 

• Nailed  sheet of paper with 95 theses on university's chapel door 
• 95 theses laid out devastating critique of indulgences of people's faith
• List of propositions for academic disputation written by Martin Luther (Professor of moral theology at University of Wittenberg, Germany) 
• Luther claimed repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven invovles inner spiritual repentance 
• He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin 

Mr Bruns Presentations: 

• Started in Flourence, Italy and spread out 

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 

• People in the later Middle Ages started questioning the norms (The church) of the day: 
  • Why didn't our leaders or the Church stop wars from happening or the plague from killing so many people? 
  • Why did the church tell people to endure suffering on Earth and await the rewards of heaven 

Italy's Advantages 

• Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? 
  • Italy had thriving cities 
    • Florence, Milan, Rome 
  • Italy had wealthy merchant class 
    • Had the idea that power should come from hard work not inheritance 
    • The Medici family became the most powerful bank in Italy and Europe 
  • Italy had the heritage of ancient Greece and Rome 

Humanism 

• Theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment/enjoyment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of the belief in God 
• Part of the Renaissance Man way of life and thinking 
• Roman Catholicism vs Secularism 
  • Idea of non-religious ways 

Renaissance Man

• Charming, witty, well educated in the classics
• Talented in dancing, singing, playing, music and writing poetry 
• Skilled horseback rider, wrestler, and swordsman 

Renaissance Woman 

• Upper class 
• Knows the classics 
• Charming 
• Not seeking fame 
• Inspiration for art but not artists 
• Well educated
• Stayed out of politics 

Renaissance Art 

• Produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature 
• Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals 

Renaissance 

Artists

• Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art 
• They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion 
• Michelangelo 
  • Most inspired men of all time 
  • Statue of David 
  • Sistine Chapel 
  • Creation of Eve 
  • Creation of Adam 
  • Separationof Light and Darkless 
  • Last Judgement 
  • Moses
• Leonardo Da Vinci
  • Painter
  • Sculptor 
  • Architect 
  • Engineer 
  • Genius 
  • Mona Lisa
  • Last Supper 
  • Notebooks
• Rafeal
  • Angel baby painting 
  • School of Athens
• Noccolo Machiavellli
  • Wrote "The Prince" 
    • Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved 
    • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making 
    • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary 
    • The end justifies the means 
    • Be good when possible and evil when necessary 
  • Made guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule 
  • Felt a ruler should be willing to do anything to  maintain control

Section 2 

Renaissance Spreads 

• Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe, especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and Netherlands  

The Elizabethan Age 

• Spread to England in the mid 1500s and was known as Queen Elizabeth I 
• She was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek and also wrote poetry and music 
• As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature 

William Shakespeare

• One of the greatest and well known playwrights of all time 
• Tragedies 
  • Macbeth 
  • Hamlet 
  • Othello 
  • Romeo and Juliet 
  • King Lear 
• Comedies 
  • A Midsummer Night's Dream 
  • The Taming of the Shrew 

Gutenberg's Printing Press 

• China invented printing, it was Johann Gutenberg that improved on it making it much quicker to print books 
• Printed the King Jame Bible and soon many other books 
• Allowed people to bee both educated and entertained 

Legacy of the Renaissance 

• Art drew on styles of classical Greece and Rome 
• Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic ways 
• Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious 
• Writers began to use vernacular (own country's) languages to express this ideas 
• Arts praised individual achievement
• Printing changed society by making more information available
• A greater availability of books increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe
• Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields
• Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights  
• Humanist attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived 
• People began to question political structures and religious practices 

Martin Luther 

• Causes of the Reformations 
  • Values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church 
  • Printing press helped to spread idea critical of the Church 
  • Powerful monarchs chllenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe 
  • Mayy leaders viewed the pope as foreign ruler and challenged tis authority 
  • European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth 
  • Merchants resented having to pay taxes to the Church 
  • Some Church leaders become worldly and corrupt 
  • Many people found Church practices such as sale of indulgences unacceptable 
• Martin Luther 
  • became a monk after surviving a violent thunderstorm 
  • Became a teacher at Wittenberg University in Germany 
  • Became upset with the Catholic Church's corrupt practime of selling "indulgences" to absolve sin
    • Church was selling indulgences to help pay for St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome 
  • Luther wrote the 95 Theses which focused on 3 central beliefs
    • he Bible is central religious authority 
    • Humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds 
    • All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did notneed priests to interpret the Bible for them