1. Treaty of Versailles
Basically decided what to do with Germany after the war
The peace settlement signed after World War I had ended.
The treaty was signed at the Versailles Palace, which is near Paris.
It was between Germany and the Allies
The most important politicians were David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.
Many hundreds of people were involved
The general consensus was to have Germany crushed, but some were more cautious
The treaty featured some 440 Articles
There will be no secret meetings between leaders.
There shall be freedom of navigation on all seas.
Meaning no battles fought at sea, freedom to navigate the oceans.
No boundaries of trading.
National armies have to be reduced.
The readjustment of colonies.
Enemy evacuation of all russian territory.
Belgium must be evacuated and restored.
France must be freed and restored
The frontiers of italy must have a clearly recognizable border
The people of austria hungary will be safeguarded
Romania, serbia, and montenegro, will be evacuated and all territories restored.
The turkish part of the ottoman empire should be assured sovereignty and be assured security
A polish state should be made where it includes territories indisputably populated by polish residents
A general government should be formed for mutual guarantees of political independence of countries both large and small
- Thought it was unfair to the German People
Thought Britain and France were making themselves rich at Germany’s expense and US shouldn’t be supporting it
Republican Party used Treaty to heavily criticize Democratic Wilson
Citizens felt uneasy about Wilson’s League of Nations b/c they believed it would drag US into international affairs that were not of their concern
Congress rejected Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations
Peace Attempts -
Washington Naval Conference:
Also known as the Washington Arms Conference, called by Warren G. Harding held on Nov. 12th, 1921 in Washington D.C.
World’s largest naval powers attended
Five-Power Treaty-signed by: U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy- it only allowed the countries navy to be so big and own a certain amount or tonnage of ships.
Four-Power Treaty-signed by: U.S., France, Great Britain, and Japan-no country would be obligated to engage in conflict
Nine-Power Treaty-signed by: U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, and China- limiting power
Worked out security agreements in the pacific
Kellogg Briand Pact:
An agreement to outlaw war, signed on August 7th, 1928.
Was also known as the Pact of Paris.
It had little effect on trying to stop the rising amount of militarism in the 1930’s and preventing WWII.
Many officials and private citizens of the U.S. made significant efforts to prevent another war.
Many people focused on cooperation with the League of Nations and the new World Court. Others started a movement that tried to outlaw war.
Nicholas Murray Butler and James T. Shotwell both participated in these movements and also with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
CEIP was a organization that was dedicated to promoting internationalism. This organization was established in 1910 by American Industrialist Andrew Carnegie.
French Minister of Foreign Affairs Aristide Briand proposed a peace pact with the U.S. for an agreement to outlaw war between France and the U.S. Briand’s proposal letter for the pact was dated April of 1927.
President Calvin Coolidge and Secretary of State Frank Kellogg were not as happy about the proposal as French Minister.
After all of the talking about all the agreements and differences about the pact they all agreed on it. On April 27th, 1928.
- fifteen countries signed the Pact of Paris.
League of Nations:
The official languages of the League of Nations were French, English and Spanish.
In 1939 a semi-official emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five-pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and five "races". A bow at the top displayed its English name, while another at the bottom showed the French name.
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.
After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany, Japan, Italy, Spain, and others withdrew from the League. The onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 27 years.
The Good Neighbor Policy-
Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign policy towards Latin America.
Started in 1933.
The main principle of the policy was that of non-intervention and non-interference.
Meaning that the United States would not interfere with the domestic affairs of Latin America.
Also reinforced the idea that the US would be a “good neighbor”.
No more armed intervention from the US when we didn’t like what was going on in Latin America.
Also the government encouraged filmmakers to portray Latin Americans in a positive way.
That was supposed to sway the opinions of both countries to like each other.
before the good neighbor policy Americans saw Latin Americans as lazy, backwards, suspicious…
Went out the window at the start of the Cold War.
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