Topics:
1. Treaty of Versailles
What was the treaty of Versailles?
Treaty that ended WW1
Who was there?
US(Woodrow Wilson), Great Britain, France, Italy
What were the major points of it?
Wilson's 14 points.
Make ww1 all Germany's fault.
Smaller countries got land from Germany. Germany took over those countries for his land back because it had German speaking people.
They were not allowed submarines, air force, tanks. Smaller army and navy size. Rhineland became DMZ and no German troops or weapons could be in there.
Germany had to pay $33 billion to Great Britain and France.
The start of League of Nations.
the countries that were formed after german was split into smaller countries called...finland, ugaslavia, chuckslavakia, lithewania.
What did the US do with it?
We never signed the Treaty of Versailles.
Reason 1: Stuff with Europe
Reason 2: They didn't want the League of Nations to be over our government and decide thing with war for us.
2. Peace attempts of the 1920's/30's
What happened in the 1920's to promote peace, reduce military, and find a way to end all wars
League of Nations- 1st peace attempt of 1920’s
Started by Woodrow Wilson
Group of countries and leaders trying to help stop war from breaking out.
Goal was to maintain world peace
Settled International debates through negotiation but not through fighting
The most members it ever had was 58
The U.S. never actually joined the league
The league ultimately failed because the axis powers broke away from the league and it failed to do the only thing it was designed to do which was to prevent WW2
- There was no way to enforce laws.
League to Enforce Peace
was an American organization established in 1915 to promote the formation of an international body for world peace. It was formed in New York City by American citizens concerned by the outbreak of World War I in Europe.
aimed at creating public awareness through magazine articles and speeches
combined support for the American War effort
presented its plans for an international organization to respond to any nation that would follow a course like that of German militarism
believed American participation was more important than the exact nature of the organization
Support for the LEP dissolved and it ceased operations by 1923
Washington Conference of 1921-1922
the principal naval powers agreed to limit their navy to the agreed ratio
military conference called by President
held in Washington
12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922
conducted under authority of League of Nations
attended by nine nations—
U.S., Japan,China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, & Portugal - Soviet Union was not invited
regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia
resulted in 3 major treaties
Four-Power Treaty- between U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, terminated the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 and made the countries maintain the pacific ocean boundaries. (for trade and such)
Five-Power treaty- (Washington Naval Treaty)- limit naval power and size for the countries that won WWI, limited the construction of battleships, battlecruisers and aircraft carriers.
Nine-Power treaty-China and the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Portugal, & Netherlands, they agreed to leave china independent as long as China agrees to the Open Door Policy (countries can trade with China)
The Locarno Conference of 1925
signed a treaty that ensured the German-French boundary
Germany and Poland came to an agreement
Locarno contributed to the worsening of the atmosphere between Poland and France and introduced distrust between Poland and Western countries
The principal treaty concluded at Locarno was the "Rhineland Pact" between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The first three signatories undertook not to attack each other, with the latter two acting as guarantors. In the event of aggression by any of the first three states against another, all other parties were to assist the country
under attack.
Kellogg-Brand Pact 1928
63 countries ( all Great Powers except USSR)
they rejected war and pledged to solve their disputes “by pacific means” (peacefully)
*countries would fight in self defense*
London Naval Conference- 2nd-January 21 to April 22, 1930
revolved around the agreement of the Five-Power Treaty (see above)
UK, USA, France, Italy and Japan attended
change was in battleship tonnage, altering the ratio between Britain, the US and Japan from 5:5:3 to 10:10:7
All five agreed to a five-year halt on capital ship construction, tighter controls on submarine warfare, and to keep the limits on aircraft carriers signed in the Washington Naval Treaty
Treaty of Versailles
Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France.
German colonies were assigned to victorious nations as ”mandates” under the League of Nations.
The Saar Basin was assigned to France for 15 years, then a plebiscite was to be held to determine the area`s allegiance.
Poland was reestablished as an independent nation and granted access to the sea through a strip of land that came to be known as the Polish Corridor.
The amount of German reparations was to be determined by a Reparations Commission.
Germany was forced to accept responsibility for all losses and damages in the conflict in what was termed the "war guilt clause" (Article 231).
Germany was required to disarm, specifically:
The drafting of military personnel as prohibited.
3. Germany's(Hitler's) defiance of the Treaty of Versailles and conquests prior to the invasion of Poland, 1933-1939
Germany leaves League of Nations
In 1926 Germany joined the league of nations
initially kept out under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
when they joined, they remained a member for seven years
In January 1933, Adolf Hitler became German Chancellor
at the time, the league was trying to limit the countries’ army sizes
Japan was the first to leave after this proposal
Germany left only a few years later
Rearmament
Hitler increases the size of the German Army
for 2 years he secretly increased the size of the army
increased it to 500,000 members
Britain, France, and Italy do nothing about it
wasn’t a huge surprised because of Hitler’s view of the Treaty of Versailles in ”Mein Kampf”
Guernica
Hitler tests his armed forces
German bombers helping Fascists in Spanish Civil War
bomb the Spanish town of Guernica
Civilians of Britain and France are frightened
Munich Agreement
Settlement that allowed Nazi Germany to take over part of Czechoslovakia called Sudetenland
September 30 1938- early morning
This is regarded as a failed appeasement act. GB and France thought Hitler was just trying to reunite the German blood in Europe. So they decided to give Hitler Sudetenland so he would be happy and stop taking over countries
Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany were the countries that were at the Munich Conference… with no representation from Czechoslovakia
After Hitler invaded Sudetenland, he invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia then Poland in 1930.
Anschluss with Austria
In the mid 1930’s, there was a rise in Nazi support in Austria.
German troops re-occupy the Rhineland Rome-Berlin Axis signed.
Background of Rhineland itself - it was actually a part of Germany set aside by the treaty of Versailles and was not to have German troops on it although politically Rhineland was part of Germany they did not feel they had total control over it.
1936 he ordered his troops that if France stepped in to defend at all they should immediately retreat but this never happened over 32000 soldiers marched across the border into Rhineland
Britain and France did not step in because Britain did not see what Germany was doing as that bad and France just did not have the support or power to take on Nazi troops
Under the Treaty of Versailles Germany was not allowed to set up soldiers in Rhineland
Everyone knew the Germans would send troops, but the question was when would they send them on March 7, 1936
the British were not prepared to take any action.
the French would not act without british support.
this act was Hitler's first illegal act sense coming into power 1933
Britain and france did not know what to do about Hitler’s actions.
In 1938, German troops were gaining popularity in Germany.
On March 9, 1938, the Austrian Chancellor announced that the German people could decide for themselves if they wanted to be a part of Hitler’s Germany.
If the people would have said no, Hitler’s purpose for invasion would have been ruined.
Hitler and his troops were going to invade Austria.
The Chancellor of Austria called off the decision by the people.
On March 12, 1938 German troops marched into Austria unopposed. They were greeted on the streets of Vienna by cheers from Austrians.
On March 13, 1938, Austria was annexed into Germany.
Anschluss means “connection” in German.
This surrounded Czechoslovakia on 3 fronts.
- This also broke the Treaty of Versailles.
4. Italy's(Mussolini's) conquests of the 1930's
my notes
5. Japanese conquests prior to Pearl Harbor
Get the notes
6. US attempts of neutrality in the 1930's and early 1940's
The first Neutrality Act.
Events in Europe and Asia indicated that a new world war might erupt.
U.S. Congress took action to enforce U.S. neutrality.
August 31, 1935 congress passed the first Neutrality Act. This act prohibited the exports of ‘’Arms,ammunition, and implements of war’’ from the United Stated to foreign nations at war.
This required arms manufacturers in the U.S. to apply for an export license.
American citizens traveling in war zones were also advised that they traveled at their own risk.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt originally opposed the legislation, but in the face of strong Congressional and public opinion relented.
February 29,1936 congress renewed the Act until May of 1937, they prohibited Americans from extending any loans to belligerent nations.
Neutrality Act of 1937
Belligerent-Hostile or aggressive
Embargo-an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
With the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the rising of fascism in Europe increased support for extending and expanding the Neutrality Act of 1937.
U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on belligerent ships, and American merchant ships were prevented from transporting arms to belligerents even if those arms were produced outside of the U.S. under this law.
The act gave the President the authority to bar all belligerent ships from the U.S. waters.
The act also gave the President the authority to extend and export embargo to any additional ‘articles or materials’.
Civil wars would also fall under the terms of the Act.
One important concession to Roosevelt was Belligerent nations were allowed,
At the discretion of the President to acquire any items except arms from the United States as long as they paid for them immediately.
Once they were paid for they had to be carried on non-american ships(‘’Cash-and-carry’’)
Roosevelt had engineered it’s inclusion as a deliberate way to assist Great Britain and France in any war against the Axis Powers(they were the only countries that had both the hard currency and ships to make use of the ‘’cash-and-carry.’’
The rest of the Act which was permanent. but this provision was set to expire after two years.
ZACH
Neutrality Act of 1939
Congress rebuffed Roosevelt's attempt to renew ‘’cash-and-carry’’ and expand it to include arms sales.
The war was spreading into Europe and Roosevelts chances of expanding’’Cash-and-Carry’’ increased
In November of 1939 Congress passed the final Neutrality Act.
The act lifted the arms embargo, and put all trade with belligerent nations under the terms of ‘’cash-and-carry’’
The ban on loans stayed in effect and American ships were barred from transporting goods.
ORACIO
End of Neutrality Policy:
The end of neutrality policy came with the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941, which allowed the U.S. to sell, lend or give war materials to nations the administration wanted to support.
- After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships, Roosevelt announced on 11 September 1941 that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the "waters which we deem necessary for our defense".
Neutrality Acts
'35 - banded trade with countries at war
'36- no loaning money to countries at war
'37 - cash and carry system
'39 - cash and carry with weapons.
things the US did to get us closer to war prior to pearl harbor
- the quarantine speech
- the peaceful countries need to come together and quarantine the aggressive countries. "FDR:
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