January 9- January 13

[5 Tara]

January 9 (Monday)- Bruns continued notes. Notes below. 

January 10 (Tuesday)- Snow day

January 11 (Wednesday)- Movie

January 12  (Thursday)- Moive

January 13 (Friday)- Finished movie and continued notes 

Romanesque Cathedrals 

• Known for having round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars 
• Very dark inside as the thick walls had tiny windows that let in little light 

Gothic Cathedrals- Started in the 1100's 

• These cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven 
• Light streamed in through huge stained glass windows
• Other art was included within the cathedral- sculpture, wood-carvings, and stained glass windows 
• All of these elements were meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God 
• Ribbed, vaults, flying buttress, pointed arches, tall spires 

Problems in the Church 

• Three main issues within the Church and one outside: 
  1. Many village priests married and had families
     • Such marriages were against Church rulings 
  2. Bishops sold positions in the church, a practice called simony
     • Led to corruption
  3. Lay Investiture
     • Kings appointed church bishops
     • Church reformers believed the Pope alone should appoint bishops 
  4. The spread of Islam into Spain and Turkey 

Church Reforms 

• The Roman Catholic Church instituted several reforms: 

1. The Pope sent out ambassadors to represent him at European courts and to oversee that area's Bishops 
2. Canon law and papal courts were created to make the rules clear and to address violations of religious law 
3. Simony and marriage for priests were officially outlawed (although these issues didn't completely go away) 
4. The church collected tithes (10%) as taxes and used that money to help the poor and to run hospitals 

History of Islam

• Founded in 622 AD by Muhammad in what is now Saudi Arabia 
  • Muhammad is considered to be a prophet, a messenger of Allah (God) 
• Muslims believe that Quran is God's word as revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriels 
• Two Major Sects 
  • Sunni 
  • Shiite 
• One of the main differences between Sunnis and Shia is their belief about who the leader should be following the death of Muhammad 
• Sunni from the Arabic word for "tradition" accepted the succession of Muhammad's elected successors 
  • The majority of Muslims in the world today are Sunnis 
• Shiite from the Arabic word for "faction" belive that leaders must be descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and her husband Ali
  • They rule Iran and also have a sizeable presence in Iraq and Syria 
• The Islamic crescent and the star is the international symbol for Islam 
• Islam means "Submission (to Allah)" in Arabic 
• "Allah" is an Arabic word which means "the One True God" 
• Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the Messiah although they do believe he was a prophet 
• Muslims are people that practice Islam 
• The word "Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of his/her race, nationality or ethnic background 
  • Any person who is ready to submit to the will of God is eligible to become a Muslim 

5 Pillars of Islam

• Shahada is the Muslim profession of faith 
  • Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning and just before they go to sleep at night 
• Salat (daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5 times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10 
  • Between first light and sunrise 
  • After the sun has passed the middle of the sky 
  • Between mid-afternoon and sunset
  • Between sunset and the last light of the day 
  • Between darkness and dawn
  • Face the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 
• Sawm (fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan 
  • Ramadan is th eholiest day for Islam It marks when Muhammad had the Quran revealed to him 
  • Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived 
  • Not only is food forbidden between dawn and sunset but also things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts,and sexual activity 
• Zakat is giving money to the poor 
  • This is a compulsory gift of 2.5% of one's savings each year 
  • Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims form the love of money 
  • It reminds them that everything they have really belongs to God 
• Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially able Muslims should make at least once iin their life 
  • Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims 
  • They circle the Kaaba seven times, say prayers, drink from a holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at three pillars (to fight Satan's temptations), shave hair and run between some hills  

Islamic Law

• Sharia Law outlines laws for muslims and is based from the Quran 
• Many African and Middle Eastern countries laws are based on Sharia Law 
• 5 Major Crimes 
  • Theft 
  • Highway robbery (taking advantage of people) 
  • Intoxication 
  • Adultery 
  • Falsely accusing another of adultry