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Chapter 12
Politics of the 1920’s
--1.5.18
Nicknames of the 1920’s:
- The Roaring 20’s
- Republican Era
- The Jazz Age
- The Lost Generation (1883-1900)
- Boom to Bust- deals with economy- boomed and the stock market crash
- Decade of Normalcy- wanted to focus on America and stay out of the league of nations (get back to normalcy)
- Prosperity Decade
- Prohibition Era
- The Advertising Age- Aimed at advertising to women because they stayed at home (cleaning supplies, makeup, etc.)
- The Golden Age of Sports- Sports took off in the 20s because of radio and automobiles
- Era of Permanent Prosperity- Everything is going to continue to stay great (it didn't)
The Red Scare: (1919-1920)
-The Red Scare- The fear that communists were going to take over our government and our country.
-Red was associated with communism.
-For 50 years there was 2 different worlds- the free world and the communist world.
-China, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, and laos.
-The mother of all communist countries was the soviet union
-Communist rule is strict
-Red Scare hysteria ruined a lot of innocent people’s careers
Practice vs. Theory:
-Karl Marx- The founder of communism- he is about redistributing wealth
-The practice is where the government is in control of everything and they rule by intimidation, but Karl Marx did not actually want that.
-The practice is almost the opposite of what Marx wanted it to be.
-The theory was that the vast majority of people are poor, they should rise up and overthrow the rich in a revolution and create an equal society.
-Anarchy would be the result.
-Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924)
-He wanted Marx theory to happen.
--1.8.18
The Soviet Union (USSR): 1922-1991
-CCCP in English translates to - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
-Eventually by 1922 Russia forms the Soviet Union and they become communists.
Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924):
- First leader of the soviet union
- He died, he was not killed
-Russia had been in war for almost a decade and he wanted to guide the country back to prosperity and then dissolve the government, but then he died.
-He believed in Marxism
-There is a power struggle for the next 3 years.
-Joseph Stalin takes over from him
-He was not going to give away his power
-He started purges when he killed millions of people that he couldn’t trust
-He transformed communism from what Marx envisioned to this bad thing.
-With communism, you knew that you had a wage, but with capitalism you could do better, but you could also do worse.
The Palmer Raids:
-They were led by Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover
-They were a bunch raids conducted by the department of Justice to go and capture and arrest suspected radicals and deport them from the U.S.
-The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover.
-The raids started after there were strikes that got national attention, race riots in more than 30 cities, and 2 sets of bombings in April and JUne 1919, including one bomb mailed to Palmers home. This caused people to become scared.
-The more strikes, the more nervous our government was, which was strengthening for communists.
-A lot of African Americans moved North after WWI and it caused race riots.
-More than 500 foreign citizens were deported during the raids.
-The raids didn’t last much longer than a year or two.
Sacco and Vanzetti:
-There was a Murder and 2 people were killed
-Sacco and Vanzetti were accused
-All the evidence that was there wasn’t hard evidence, but they had three strikes against them.
-They were immigrants, Italian, and Catholic.
-The big thing that condemned them to their deaths was that they were anarchists.
-They were accused and arrested for the crime and put to death for this murder.
-They were shot to death by a firing squad in 1927
--1.9.18
Immigration:
-They took jobs and kept wages low, which is why people didn’t like them.
-Immigration was lower because we wanted to keep communists out.
-We wanted to get the people out and keep them out
The Immigration Act of 1924:
-It greatly decreased immigration.
-The law was aimed at restricting immigrating of Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, and Jews.
-Severely restricted the immigration of Africans and prohibited the immigration of Arabs, East Asians, and Indians.
-It has to do with racism and keeping communists out.
-The purpose of the act was “to preserve the idea of American homogeneity”
-W.A.S.P. -White Anglo Saxon
-We wanted to keep America as America.
Republican Philosophy:
-Low taxes, high tariffs, and less government.
-Lower immigration
-Progressive era was making the government bigger and the Republicans didn’t want that
-Conservatism instead of progressivism (liberalism)
-Trickle-down theory- helping the rich, so that it trickles down and helps the lower.
-Laissez-faire- less government regulation
-Rugged individualism- You should work hard for your money and not rely on other people for your money.
-A return to “Normalcy”
President harding was rocked with scandal and that is the reason he went down in history as one of the worst presidents ever.
--1.10.18
Teapot dome scandal
-The teapot dome was an area in Wyoming
-the navy had oil reserves there
-Albert was looking for people to drill oil there
-He gave the rights to this one country that bribed him
-Albert fall
-He made a lot of money off of it
-He working for Harding
-Harding dies
Warren Harding's death and funeral:
-He had a lot of stress with all of the scandals
-He travels around the country
-First president to go to Alaska
-He gets sick in Alaska
-He leaves and still isn't doing well.
-His speech was slurred
Ohio gang- friends he gave positions to and they ended up doing bad things
-He favored this Ohio doctor and the doctor says that he’s fine
-He goes to see a specialist
-He just dies out of the blue.
-His wife refused to have an autopsy, so some people think she killed him.
-He was 58 years old
-Then Calvin Coolidge becomes president
Automobiles:
-Everything revolves around the car- important
-Automobiles have a big impact- Traveling, people could go to sports, more motels, more vacation spots, more roads, more job opportunities.
-Cars started the trend that people can move.
-Dating became more common
Airplanes:
-Mail carrying
-Transporting small groups of people
-Military
-Entertainment
-Major feats
Rural vs Urban:
-The era where African Americans moved into cities
-More than 2 million people moved from farms to the cities each year
-Rural areas tried to hold on to moral values and close social relationships.
Prohibition:
-The manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal.
-Women were being abused, cheated on, etc. -They were for prohibition
-Supporters came from rural south and west areas
-Factory workers liked prohibition as well
-It was not 100% illegal in our country- you could make it for medical reasons and for religious reasons.
-prescriptions and sacramental wine orders skyrocketed.
-The volstead act created the prohibition Bureau to enforce the law
-Prohibition failed for 3 reasons- 1. People thought it was stupid and despised it, they saw it as the government meddling in people's lives. 2. The Prohibition Bureau was underfunded. They had 1,500 people to supervise the country. It was easy to buy out police and to look the other way. 3. Organized crime became commonplace. Every city had people doing more illegal things.
--
Homicide rates went up when prohibition was a thing and when they got rid of prohibition they went back down.
-Prohibition led to more violent activity in gangs
-Bootlegging is making alcohol and transporting it to somewhere else illegally
Bootleggers people that made or transported alcohol
Al Capone is a bootlegger
-Named because they kept liquor in the leg of their boots to hide it
-Most imported alcohol came in from Canada, Cuba or the West indies.
The biggest threat to the bootlegger was not the Prohibition Bureau or police but hijackers.
-People doing illegal things to other people doing illegal things.
-Let led to a lot of gang violence between different mobs.
Moonshine:
-Moonshine is what they called the illegal alcohol
-Moonshine is what they call Alcohol made secretly in home made stills
-Several hundred people a year died from drinking moonshine during the 1920s.
-There was a lot of alcohol made-700 million gallons in 1929.
Speakeasies:
-illegal bars
-To obtain alcohol illegally, people went underground to secret bars called speakeasies.
-They could be anywhere and sometimes they moved around
-To be admitted a card or password had to be given.
Organized Crime:
-Came about as a result of Prohibition
-Every major city had it’s gang
-Al Capone’s bootlegging business in Chicago made over 60 million a year.
-They got him on not paying his taxes, but never for anything else.
-Due to gang violence, only 19% of Americans supported prohibition by 1925.
-Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the 21st amendment.
St. valentine's day massacre:
-There were gang wars.
-Al Capone's gang came in dressed as police officers
-They started shooting and killed everyone in bugs miran gang.
-That was another thing that led to the end of prohibition
Science vs. Religion:
The Scopes Monkey trial:
-In 1925, Tennessee passed a law banning the teaching of evolution in schools.
-The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) said it would defend any teacher willing to break the law.
-John Scopes, biology teacher from Dayton, accepted.
-He taught evolution and was arrested,
-Clarence Darrow was hired by the ACLU to defend scopes. -He was the it lawyer.
-William Jennings Bryan was the special prosecutor- He was trying to find Scopes guilty and he did because...
-Scopes did not deny teaching evolution
-Trial was really about evolution in schools
-William jennings Bryan was a bible expert.
-Darrow called Bryan to the stand and asked him quesions about the bible.
-Darrow made Bryan look foolis
-In the end, Scope’s was found guilty and fined $100.
The “roaring” Economy:
-Throughout the 20 things are going very well until the end.
-One of the things that allowed the economy to boom was buying on credit.
-“Buy now, pay later”
-That allowed the stock market to boom
-the boom was based on borrowed money
High Tariff POlicy
-tax on imported goods- Tariff
-high tariffs are what would get people to buy american products
-lowering tariffs is good for the common consumer
-The republicans raised the tariffs again in the 1920s because they wanted a return to normalcy
Era of permanent prosperity:
-“As long as everyone has faith, everything will be fine”
Women in the 1920s:
Cult of Domesticity:
-Developed throughout the 1800s
-The ideal of womanhood had four characteristics
- Piety- make sure they go to church
- Purity- save themselves for marriage
- Domesticity- stay home take care of kids
- Submissiveness- take on the husbands name. Husband makes the decisions
-World War I benefited women even though it interrupted their campaign
-It really helped them get voting rights because they took on men's jobs and proved their worth.
-2 years after
-1920- women got the right to vote- nineteenth amendment
-Once they can vote, they can vote for people that will benefit women.
Flapper girl:
-Flapper girls had the attitude it wasn't just about dress.
-Attitude that women could do what men could do.
-Most women were not flappers.
-They needed the look AND the attitude.
-most women stayed traditional and stayed at home.
Margaret Sanger:
-founded the American Birth control league, which is today known as planned parenthood.
-Birth control opened to door for women to start going to college and working more, so they wouldn’t be stuck with children.
-They were able to control their own bodies.
Education:
-Women started going to college more and the percent of degrees given to women increased.
“Pink Collared” Jobs:
-Gave women a taste of the work world.
-Low paying service occupations
-Made less money than men did doing the same jobs.
-Secretaries, teachers, telephone operators, nurses.
The jazz singer- the first talkie
The Marx brothers- famous comedians
The Harlem Renaissance:
-Harlem became the African American part of new york city.
-African American culture was being reborn
-There was a big push to be proud to be black.
-Art was pushed, music was pushed, literature was pushed.
-Jazz became huge.
-W.E.B. DuBois- He was the precursor to Martin Luther King Junior- Leading black spokesperson for this time.
-James Weldon Johnson- Another african american spokesperson- founded NAACP
Cotton Club:
-A speakeasy in Harlem.
-It was in the black community, but only white people could be in the audience.
-Black people could only perform.
Chapter 13:
FDR’s New Deal Programs:
-The depression starts with president Herbert Hoover.
-During the depression, they blamed Hoover for it.
-Franklin Roosevelt was very popular- He was elected four times
-During the great depression and world war 2.
-Longest term president
-He had polio
-Franklin Roosevelt promised everyone a new deal
-There was a lot of programs.
-The program would fall under these things-
Relief, Reform, and recovery:
-Relief for the needy
-Economic recovery
-Financial reform - reform the banks and stock market
How did the new deal help?
UNemployed people
Young people
Banks
Stock market
Factory workers
Farmers
Homeowners
Elderly
Consumers
Native Americans
Artists
-It was Roosevelt's plan to get everyone out of the great depression
Key Terms:
Buying on credit- buy now pay later - brought on problems
Republican Philosophy- Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
Laissez-faire- government stays out of business
Rugged individualism- you don't rely on the government
Trickle-down theory- helping the rich, so that it trickles down and helps the lower.
Stock- part of a company- buying into a company to make money off of it.
Stock market- Where people buy stock
Dow Jones Industrial Average- is one of several stock market indicators created by Charles Dow in 1896.
-It is an indicator for how the stock market is doing
-The Dow jones consists of 30 of the largest companies in the US
1. 3M
- American Express
- Apple
- Boeing
- Caterpillar
- Chevron
- Cisco Systems
- coca-cola
- DuPont
- ExxonMobil
Buying on margin- buying stocks on credit
Watered stock- overpriced/overvalued stock
Stock pooling- Rich guys were so powerful that they could go in during a crash and buy all the cheap stock. -They would find a new company that had very cheap stock and they would start buying it.
-They would start selling once the prices go up and then people would stop buying and the prices would plummet.
-This led to a lot of watered stock
Speculation-with stocks- People that played the stock market short term
Black Tuesday:
-The first minor crash happens on october 24th, but it rebounded with the help of some rich guys that stepped in.
-Over the weekend people started thinking and getting nervous.
-Monday massive selling
-Tuesday the bottom falls out
-That would lead into the great depression
-Suicide rates went up
Federal Reserve System:
-It was a bankers bank
-Created in 1913 under president woodrow wilson
-Gajor goal was to stop banking panics(runs)
-Broke the country into 12 districts each with a Federal Reserve Bank.
-It failed.
-It controls interest rates- they rose interest rates in late 1929- that was another cause of the crash.
-Encourages people to borrow money for big purchases (homes, cars, etc.)
it can control deflation and inflation
-Banks borrow from the federal reserve not people
Causes of the crash:
-Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value - watered stock prices.
-Overspeculation during the 1920s -led to overpriced stock
-Buying on margin - led to people being in debt and watered stock prices
Overproduction of goods-companies were pumping out way too much stuff and people were not buying it
Uneven distribution of wealth- By people not having much money, but stock prices kept skyrocketing
-Too much borrowing from banks
-Federal Reserve increased interest rates
-Lack of government regulation - they had no rules
Effects of the Stock Market Crash:
-3% of Americans were in the stock market- not everyone
-Investors and businesses lost millions
-Business cut production - laid off workers
-Unemployment rose - people quit spending money
-Great depression started
-Depression spread to Europe and other parts of the world.
Causes of the Great Depression:
-Over production of goods
- Underconsumption of goods by consumers
-Agricultural slump in 1920s due to overproduction - prices dropped drastically for farmers
-High protective tariff policies of the 1920s - businesses could no longer sell overseas and they couldn't sell in the US either because they didn’t have money.
-Taxes benefiting the rich - the trickle down theory - Did not help in the late 20s.
-Stock market crash
-Banks closing - losing jobs, people are losing their life savings.
Effects of the Great Depression:
-New deal programs start - makes the US government much larger
-Deficit spending starting
-The new deal created many organizations that are still around today - social security, welfare.
-Fascist, military and communist dictators come to power throughout the world.
The vicious cycle of the great depression:
-Companies lose money so they lay people off
-Unemployment rate goes up and less people buy goods as income has dropped
-Companies profits fall so they have to lay more people off or close
-Cycle repeats itself
What did people do to try and survive during the great depression?
-a lot of people lost their homes, so they moved to the outskirts of cities to these “hoovervilles”
-They built homes out of tin or whatever they could find
-Bread lines - people stood in bread lines to get bread- women did not
-Soup kitchens
-Hobos hopping freight trains - boys drop out of highschool - leave their family - they didn’t want to be a burden, so they would hop on trains going town to town looking for work. -it was dangerous.
-selling apples
-Stealing and crime would happen
What was the Dust Bowl?
-It becomes extremely dry - lack of rain
-They were not following proper techniques
-led to these huge storms
-lasted for several years - people packed up and went west
-People that left to go west are known as okies
Hoover struggles with the Great Depression:
-He was hands off -less government -Don’t spend too much money
-One of the worst presidents
-He was viewed as extremely uncaring and as a president who did very little to help with the great depression
-This was not actually true
-He did more than any other president as of stepping in and trying to help
-People blamed hoover for the problems
-He kept telling people to be patient and to stay positive and to volunteer to help each other.
-They looked to the government.
-To help farmers, he passed the federal farm board -stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products -it ultimately failed
Hoover moratorium
-One year halt on german war payments to france
-One year halt on war payments from great britain and france to the US.
Mexican Repatriation:
-Mexican immigrants were encouraged/forced to go back to mexico
Presidents organization for unemplyment
-Help US citizens who lost their jobs due to the Great Depression
-Its purpose was to coordinate local welfare agencies
Reconstruction Finance Corporation:
-example of trickle down theory in action
-Gave loans to banks, state and local governments, and business’ to create projects/jobs for people
-Gave states loans for emergency relief needs
-not as successful as hoover hoped
Boulder Dam:
-A lot of jobs went into it - creates jobs
-It pays for itself
-There were a lot of dam projects in the 1930s.
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