January 23 (Monday)- Dicussed about Donald Trump and 2nd Crusade (My group) and 3rd Crusade presented notes below
January 24 (Tuesday)- Noah presented, 4th crusade, and 5th-9th crusade
January 25 (Wednesday)- Bruns presented
January 26 (Thursday)- Bruns presented and watched short video
January 27 (Friday)- Bruns presented
2nd Crusade:
Who:
- Europe vs. Islam
- Middle East and Byzantine Empire
- Christians vs. Muslims
Where:
- Anatolia, Levant, Egypt, Iberian Peninsula
When:
- 1147-1149
Why:
- The 2nd Crusades was launched from Europe as a catholic holy war
- Islam came and tried to take it for their own the first time
- 2nd time they had tried to fight back because of how the 1st had ended
- Stated of the response of the Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi
Causes
- The 2nd Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe as a Catholic Latin Holy War against Islam
- The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the country Edessa, the previous year to the forces of Zengi, the armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe
- The Crusaders failed to recapture Edessa. The Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks created a peace treaty between each other. Decisive Muslim victory in the Holy Land
Goals
- The main goal of this crusade was to recapture Edessa from Muslim control
Leaders
- King Louis VII of France
- King Conrad III of Germany
- Nur ad Din of Turkey
- Saladin of Muslim
- Baldwin V- King of Jerusalem
Results
- Muslim victory in Anatolia
- Cruader victories in Iberia and the Baltic
- Failed to recreate the Country of Edessa
- Peace treaty between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks
- Beginning of Crusader advances into Egypt
3rd Crusades
Causes
- 3rd Crude was caused by the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt
- Christians wanted it back, so they had another Crusade
Goals
- Recapture the holy land
- They recaptured the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, but failed to regain control of Jerusalem
- To undo Saladin's gains
Where
- The Holy Land
When
- 1189-1192
Leaders
- Richard the Lionheart, king of England
- Phillip II of France
- Frederick Barbarossa, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
- Saladin, leaders of the Muslim
Saladin
- He was very prayerful and believed in fastin g
- He was hostile to non-believers
- He was born in Iraq
Richard the Lionheart
- He was considered a hero in his day
- He couldn't speak English
- He died from a crossbow to the shoulder
Frederick Barbarossa
- He was born in Oxford and died in France
- He never got married
- He spent most of his life at war
Philip II of France
- He was born in Paris
- He was very successful when he was the king
Results
- Christians reversed much of Saladin's gains
- Captured important cities like Acre and Jaffa
- Created Christian kingdoms in Cyprus and Syria
- Crusader left without their main goal of Jerusalem
- Signed a treaty allowing unarmed Christian travelers and merchants to go to Jerusalem
4th Cruade
Goals
- Win back the holy city of Jerusalem
- They kept faily the past 3 Crusades
- They had a new strategy to try and win back Jerusalum
Leaders
- Louis I Count of Blois
- Ivan II also know as Kaloyan the Greek Slayer
- He was an emperor of Bulgaria
- Boniface of Montferrat
- Was Marquess of Montferrat main leader and kin gof Thessalonica
- Enrico Dandola
- Remember for blindness
Result s
- Set up to win holy city of Jerusalem back from the Muslims
- Strike at Egypt to souce of Muslim power
- Failed and turned the Crusader's towards a new city, Constantinople and the Byzantine Empie
Who
- Pope Innocent III
Why
- Conquer Muslim controlled Jerusalem
- Sequence of events culminated sacking the city of Constantinople
When
- 1202 to 1204
Where
- It was fought at the city of Constantinople
5th Crusade
- Frederick II- Holy Roman Empire
- Attempt to regain control Jerusalem and rest of Holy Land
- Western Powers lost
6th Crusade
- Frederick II vs Al-Kamil
- It stated s an attempt to regain Jerusalem
- Stated in Cyprus
- Was out manned
- Treaty of Jaffa and tell Ajul
- Gave Federick II Jerusalem, Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa, and Bethlehem
7th Crusade
- Wasn't started by pope
- Started by King Louis IX or Saint Louis
- Reclaim Jerusalem
8th Crusade
- Louis XI of France- Holy Roman Empire
- Started because of Mamluk Sultan Baibars
- Results
- Treaty of Tunis
- Death of Louis XI
- Opening of trade with Tunis
9th Crusade
- Edward of England I- England
- Edward I was on his was to the 8th Crusade when
Brun's Presentation:
Goal: Recapture Jeruselum/The holy land back from Muslims
1st Crusade
- Crusaders captured Jerusalem
- Crusaders entered Jerusalem and killed lot of innocent Muslims
- Jerusalem fell back to Muslim rule
- Successful for Crusaders for a few years
2nd Crusade
- Christians were concerned with Muslims taking over Edessa
- Christians failed to recapture Jerusalem but held onto Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch
3rd Crusade
- Led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England
- Crusaders won back much land in the Middle East, but not Jeruselum
- Eventually King Richard cme to a truce with Saladin, leader of Muslims
- Christians would be allowed into Jeruselum
4th Crusade
- Power struggles between Europe and the Byzantine Empire drove the Crusaders to topple the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III, in favor of his nephew, who became Alexius IV in 1203
- Alexius IV attempt to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff resistance and Alexius IV was killed by the people from Constantinople
- In response, the Crusaders declared war on COnstantinople and the Fourth Crusade ended
- This was the Crusade that got off course
5th Crusade
- Was an attempt by European crusaders to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt
- Muslims won and signed a 8 year truce
6th Crusade
- Was attempt to regain Jerusalem
- Began 7 years after failure of the 5th crusade and involved very little fighting
- Through diplomacy, crusaders regained some control over Jerusalem for the next 15 years
7th Crusade
- Even with Jerusalem falling back to the Muslims in 1244, the 7th Crusade was fought in Egypt and ended a decisive Muslim Victory
8th Crusade
- Launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270
- The Crusade was a failure after Louis died
9th Crusade
- Louis IX of France's failure to capture Tunis in the 8th Crusade led Henry III of England's son Edward to sail to Acre (n Israel) in what was the 9th Crusade
- This crusade saw several victories for Edward but ultimately the Crusaders withdrew and eventually lost all land in the Middle East and north Africa
- The Crusades were now over
Reconquista
- Kick Muslims and non-Christians out of Spain and re-conquer it for Christianity
- Muslims invaded Spain
- Last Muslim area fell
Why did the Crusades fail?
- It's too far and it's not their home turf
- After 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less emphasis on winning
- People soon became about making money and getting goods
- Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic cities and people
Effects of Crusades
- Showed power of the Church
- Increased trading between East and West
- Led to massive cultural diffusion
- Lead to the Commercial Revolution
- Increased trading helped business flourish
- Merchants increased
- Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
- Constantinople eventually falls to Turks
- Almost 2 million people died
14.2 Changes in Medieval Life
- European population increased as people lived longer
- Food supply increased due to warmer temperatures and increased farmland/agriculture
- Horses replaced oxen in the fields- much faster
- Three field system replaced the two field system
- 2/3 of land would be used for farming instead of half- more food-health increases- people live longer
- Surnames (last names) started during this period
- Based on trade
- Smith (blacksmith) Carpenter (Zimmerman in Germany)
- Trade greatly increased
The Guilds
- Precursor to labor unions
- "An organization of individual in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members"
- The guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions
- Became very wealthy and powerful in Medieval times
Commercial Revolution
- Period of time where business and trade expanded greatly throughout Europe
- Europe was moving away from the manor system/feudalism where each manor was self sufficient
- Towns and cities became more important and the place where markets and fairs were located
- Trade items included cloth, bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, ropes and much more
- Trade routes spread throughout Europe and into Asia
- Bank and businesses started expanding as well
The Revival of Learning
- The Crusades allowed Europeans to "refind" works from the Greek philosophers while going through the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world, including in Spain
- This rekindled learning throughout Europe
- Writers started writing books
- Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy
- Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales
Thomas Aquinas
- Was an Italin Catholic priest s well as an immensely influential philosopher and theologian
- One of the Catholic Church's greatest theologians and philosophers
- The Catholic Church honors him s saint and regards him as the model teacher for those studying the priesthood
- Merged science and religion together
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