I was absent. Used Kenzie's notes.
Architecture of the Golden Age of the Athenians
Key Buildings
- The Acropolis
-the main group of buildings in Athens that looked over the city.
-It is a sacred area that is one of the most recognizable monuments in the world.
-It took 9 years to build and was completed in 438 BC
-It cost $3 billion in today’s money
- The Parthenon
-and other buildings on the acropolis were all built between 470 and 430
-It cost over $3 billion in today’s money
-Built between 447 BC and 432 BC
-One of the biggest construction projects of ancient world
-The famous Parthenon building is to worship the great Goddess Athena
-A temple to honor and praise
-Celebrate the ending of the Athen’s war with Persia
- The Porch of Caryatids
- has six columns holding up the roof (female figures; slender necks to take the weight of the roof.)
-Started building in 421 BC and was completed in 406 BC
-It cost $130 million to build
- The Agora
-Towns people would come here to buy and sell their goods with each other
-Marketplace
-Food – lettuce, onions, etc
-House Items – furniture, etc
- The Theater of Dionysus
-Was meant for dramatic plays
-Social life
-Many big events
-Pure comedy
-Everyone involved – if not an actor, you watched
- Gymnasium
-Where children would go to be educated
-6 or 7 left homes to go to the school
-Boys and girls were separated
-Parents had to pay for the private schooling
-All kids went
- Pnyx
-Athenians would go to this building to gather around and decide on the laws and rules of the town
- Greek Art in the Golden Age
-The most divine and complex sculptures of this time are the sculptures of the Athenian Acropolis
-In time soon became a church – (Sculptures- 447 BC and 432 BC)
- Purpose of Buildings
-Buildings were built to show cultural and political achievements of Athens
-Others were used to honor gods and goddesses such as Athena
-The goddess Nike also had buildings to worship
-Some buildings were used for political gatherings
-Athens had walls that would surround the city for protection and defense
-Buildings were used for many reasons such as praise and worship, buy and sell items, drama, education and law making
- Key Players
-Pericles’s plan for Athens was to get the greatest Greece architects
-Build things like the Parthenon
-Socrates
-Plato
-Aristotle
- Questions
- Who were the 3 key players of Greek Architecture?
-Aristotle, Plato, Socrates
- Why did they build the Acropolis?
-To show cultural and political achievements of Ahtnes
-To honor gods and goddesses such as Athena
-To worship and for political gatherings
The Military and Delian League
- Phalanx
-Used in the battle of Marathon around 500 BC
-One major downside to the phalanx is its use against cavalry
-The horses in the cavalry could quickly ride around the phalanx and attack the weak side
-Athenians used mountains and natural habitat to protect the weak side
- Naval Warfare
-Athens used naval warfare during the Peloponnesian War
-Shipped grain and food into the city
-Used ships called trireme
-Fought by ramming and boarding enemy ships
-Major naval force
- Key Players
- Pericles
-Politician, democrat
-General
-Athenian
-Ruled Athens from 461-429 BC
-Led victories in the Peloponnesian and Persian Wars
- Socrates
-Philosopher
-Athenian
-Scrutinized
-Athens, praised Sparta
- Plato
-Student of Socrates
-Wrote the dialogues that contain most of Socrates ideas
- Aristotle
-Student of Plato
-Teacher to Alexander the Great later in life
- Archemides
-Well known mathematician
-First to calculate Pi
- Pythagoras
-Developed pythagrium thermom
Delin League
-Coalition of Greek states and Athenians
-Founded in 478 BC
-Free Ionian Greeks from Persia
-Protect Aegean Sea
-Use sea power
-Athens was the leader
-Persia was run out of the Aegean Sea
- Famous Battles
- Persian War
-Major battles: Marathon, Thermophylae, and Salamis
-Marathon
-250,000 Persian met 10,00 Athenians
-Persians fled after hours of fighting
-Around 6,000 Persians died but very few Athenians
- Thermopylae
-7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans
-Stood up to the Persians for a long time
-Persians found a way around the mountain
-Spartans let Greeks flee and stayed to fight
-All 300 died
- Salamis
-Greeks abandoned Athens
-Fought with their naval forces
-Destroyed most of Persian fleet
-Formed the Delian League
- Peloponnesian War
-Broke out in 431 and went until 404
- Battle of Pylos
-Athenian naval forces were out attacking Zacynthus
-Spartan troops decided to attacked walled city of Pylos
-Over 2,000 Spartan troops
-Tried attacking sea side wall
-Spartans failed to capture Pylos before the Athenian naval fleet could return
-Tried blocking
- Weaponry and Armor
- Swords
- Iron knives to bronze kinves
- Arrowheads
- Sling bullets – steel and clay
- Shields – bronze
- Archery
- Spears
- Who Participated in the Army?
- Male
- 18 or older
- Own land
- 2 Years of Military Training
- Old Ways:
- Rich
- Had to buy your weapons
- Poor man could not afford to fight in the war
- Resulted in rather small army sizes
- Different Kinds of Soldiers
- From age 18 to 60 all physically fit men went to the military
- Most of all the soldiers were the heavily armored infantry called hoplites
- Hoplite attendants: light armored men usually poor citizens or trusted slaves
- Most of the other wealthier citizens that could raise their own horse were part of the cavalry corps
- Scythian police archers
- Peltasts
- Roles
- If they only needed a small force they would take the people from 20 to 24 years old
- The hoplite attendants carried the hoplite’s shields and other supplies till they fought
- The peltasts were lightly armored and had javelins and a small shield
Geography
- Sea
- –Greece borders the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the East Mediterranean Sea
- –Greeks thought the Sea was a beautiful element
- –Gained many things / a freedom
- –Shipping people traveled where they could always see land
- Land
- –The longest river in Greece is the Aliakmon
- –Riverbeds tend to dry up
- –Grew barely: the growing of barley was les s demanding and more productive
- –Olive plantations
- –Grapes were very popular in Greece because of rocky soil
- –Goats and sheep were the most common animals in Greece
- –Provided fur, milk and meat
- –Chicken, Goose
- –Oxen were on the land but rare
- –Donkeys and miles for traveling – “Dry animals”
- Climate
- –Mild, rainy winters
- –Relatively warm and dry summers
- –Lots of sunshine all through the year
- –The mountains adjust the climate changes
- –Winters in the mountains can be rigorous and snowy
- Trade and Colonization
- –Important role as the furthest outposts of Greek culture
- –Bronze, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, wine and textiles
- –Mediterranean basin enabled foreigners to travel to Greece (and trade)
- Farming
- –Little soil and farmland
- -20% of land
- –Barely, grapes and olives
- –Grain crops were planted in October
- –Small farming villages were set up by people who came from the North
- –Holding size: 5.6
- Agriculture
- –Diet was based on cereals (barely, durum wheat, millet, wheat)
- –Home to many olive trees – 20 years, every other year
- –Veggie gardens and orchards
- Mining
- –Greek word: larva
- –Means narrow passage or tunnel describing the characteristics of mining galleries
- –Silver production was so high
- Natural Resources
- –Iron
- –Bronze
- –Flax
- –Clay
- –Timber
- –Grain
- –Leather
- –Wool
- How the Land Affected the Battles
- –Battle of Thermopylae – narrow coastal pass
- -“The Hot Gates”
- -Not near the sea
- –Phalanx in between the pass
- Battle of Salamis
- took place on Salamis island
- –Located in Saranic Gulf
- –Greeks fought with ships
- –Gulf helped hold off
- Peloponnesian War
- –Athens vs. League led by Sparta
- –Gulf helped both sides
- Different Jobs
- –Farmers
-Grew enough to support their families (back in the day)
-Today they support their families and then share their crops and sell
- Greek Blacksmiths
-Used iron and ore to create swords, plows, axes and other tools
-Use hammers to shape
-Used billows made out of animal skin to blow air into fires
-Work with iron and steel now
- Craftsmen
-Craftsmen could specialize in their work depending on the size of the city where they worked
-Smaller communities it would be a range of things
-Larger would focus on one thing
- Doctors/Medicine
-Limited in its ability to cure diseases
-Combined science and religion
-Believed that sickness was brought on by an imbalance in substances called humors
-Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile and Phlegm
- Merchants
-traders in Greece
-Owned boats or rented cargo space on their boats
-Merchants were known as metrics, were often foreigners,
-Many risks, shipwrecks, cargo going bad, pirates
- Bankers
-Changed money from other city-states into local currency
-Loaned money for trading voyages
-Rates of their loans varied based on the risk involved in the venture
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