Military
- phalanx
- used in the battle of Marathon around 500 bc
- one major downside to the phalanx is its use against cavalry
- naval war fare
- Athens used naval warfare during the peloponnesian war
- shipped grain and food into city
- used ships called trireme
- fought by ramming and boarding enemy ships
- Key Players
- Pericles
- politician, democrat
- general
- athenian
- ruled Athens from 461-429 BC
- led victories in the peloponnesian and Persian wars
- Socrates
- philosopher
- athenian
- scrutinized Athens, praised Sparta
- not well like for that reason
- Plato
- student of Socrates
- wrote the dialogues that contain most of Socrates ideas
- Aristotle
- student of Plato
- teacher to Alexander the Great later in life
- Archemides
- well known mathematician
- first to calculate pi
- Pythagoras
- developed the Pythagorean theorem
- a2+b2=c2
- Pericles
- Delian League
- Coalition of Greek states and Athenians
- Founded in 478 bc
- under the control of Athens
- HQ was in Delos
- What did it do?
- free Ionian Greeks from Persia
- Protect Aegean Sea
- Use their sea power
- Athens was the leader
- Persian was run out of the Aegean Sea
- Famous battle
- Persian War
- Major battles Marathon, Thermopylae, and salamis
- Marathon
- 25000 Persians met 10000 Athenians
- Persian fled after hours of fighting
- Around 6000 Persians died while there were very few Athenians dead.
- Thermopylae
- 7000 Greeks and 300 Spartans
- Stood up to the Persians for a long time
- Persians found a way around mountain
- Spartans let Greeks flee and stayed to fight
- All 300 died
- Salamis
- Greeks abandoned Athens
- Fought with their naval forces
- destroyed most of Persian fleet
- formed the Delian league to protect Greece
- Marathon
- Major battles Marathon, Thermopylae, and salamis
- Peloponnesian War
- Broke out in 431 and went until 404 bc
- Battle of Pylos
- 425 BC
- Athenian naval forces were out attacking Zacynthus
- Spartan troops decided to attack walled city called Pylos
- Over 2000 Spartan troops
- tried attacking sea side wall
- Spartans failed to capture Pylos before the Athenian naval fleet could return
- Tried blocking harbor but Athenian naval forces destroyed them
- Battle of Pylos
- Broke out in 431 and went until 404 bc
- Weaponry
- Swords
- Iron knives compared to bronze
- arrowheads
- sling bullets
- shields
- archery
- spears
- Who Participated in the army
- male
- 18 or older
- own land
- have mandatory 2 years military training
- If they only needed a small force they would take the people from 20-24 years old
- if it was a crisis they would summon everyone, even elderly
- the hoplite attendants carried the hoplite's shields and other supplies of theirs until they fought
- the peltast were lightly armored and had javelins and a small shield
Geography
- Sea
- Greece borders the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the East Mediterranean Sea
- Greeks thought the Sea was a beautiful element
- Gained many things/a freedom enviorment
- Shipping people traveled where they could always see land
- Land
- The longest river in Greece is the Aliakmon
- riverbeds tended to dry up
- grew barley
- olive plantations
- grapes were grown too
- houses on the land were made o food, as well as wagons
- they raised goats and sheep
- provided fur, milk , and meat the people
- chicken and geese were grown and eaten
- oxen were on the land but very rare
- donkeys and mules used for traveling. They were called dry animals.
- Climate
- mild, rainy witners
- relatively warm ad dry summers
- lots of sunshine all through the year
- the mountains adjust the climate changes
- winters in the mountains can be rigorous and snowy
- Trade
- important role as the furthest outposts of Greek culture
- bronze, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, wine, and textiles
- luxury items and exotic raw materials
- Farming
- Little soil and farmland
- 20% of land
- grain crops were planted in October and harvested in April or May
- Agriculture
- diet-based on cereals
- home to many olive trees
- augmented by vegetable gardens and orchards
- Mining
- the silver was greatly concentrated that it was flowing like spring water
- Natural Resources
- iron, bronze, flax, clay, timber, grain animals, leather, wool
- How the land affected the battles
- Phalanx in between the mountain pass
- Battle of Salamis was fought with a lot of ships by the island of Salamis
- Peloponnesian war, the sea helped both sides equally
- Different Jobs
- Farmers grew enough to support their families
- Blacksmiths used iron and ore to create swords, plows, axes, and other tools.
- Craftsman were family owned and small. Craftsmen could specialize in their work depending on the size of the city where they worked. In a smaller Greece community they would be in charge of making, beds, plows, and doorframes
- Ina larger Greece community they might only specialize in one areaw
- Doctors
- Medicine during this time was limited in its ability to cure diesesas
- The field of medicine combined science and religious beliefs
- They believed that sickness was brought on by an imbalance in four substances known as humors.
- Merchants
- Merchants were traders in ancient greece
- they owned boats or rented cargo space on their boats
- merchants were known as metrics
- Bankers
- They changed money from other city states into local currency
- they often loaned money for trading boyagess
- the rates of their loans varied based on the risk involved in the proposed venture
- Persian War
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