Socrates: He is a philosopher. He was Plato’s teacher. Don’t think he wrote anything down. Most of the info is from the works of Plato. Most known for teaching and communication skills.
Socrates background: Spent all of his life in Athens except for his military time. He served on the legislative council of 500. Almost nothing is known about his childhood, but peopled assumed from his learning, that he attended schools of Athens.
Beliefs of Socrates: Believed that the best way for people to live their lives is to focus on self development opposed to the pursuit of material wealth. Socrates formed the idea that intelligence embodied the knowledge of ones own ignorance.
Aristotle: contributed majorly in the study and teaching of physics and astronomy among other subjects. He was a student of Plato. He wrote 200 trestles and only 31 survived. Father of the field of logic.
Aristotle background: Born in Stagira. The son of physician to king of Macedon. For a while he was the tutor for Alexander the great. One reason why Aristotle was a great man, was because he attended Plato’s academy to learn. He eventually created his own school.
Plato: Contributed mainly to the philosophy of metaphysics. Formed the concept that the idea or soul of something must exist before the physical aspect can. i.e. A house must have a plan before it can be built, a government must have a plan before it can function. Plato was the best writer in the western tradition. He is the most influential writer in philosophy. Born into an Athenian family. One of the most creative and influential thinks of the ancient world. After meeting Socrates, Plato turned to philosophy.
They knew each other. Plato was a student of Socrates at the academy in Athens the first institution of higher learning in the western world. When Socrates was 60 years old, Plato was twenty and came to him as a pupil. When Plato was sixty, Aristotle came to him as a pupil at the age of 17.
Ranks: 1st. Aristotle is ranked first because he is a Greek philosopher. He is a great writer and a good person. He is one of the most founding figures in western philosophy.
2nd. Socrates is second because he is an enigmatic figure, known chiefly through the classical writers.
3rd. Plato- is the founder of academy of Athens.
Athena Gods
Zeus- Many Athenian people believed in Zeus. He was the god of the sky and weather and his image appeared on most Greek coins.
Apollo- He was the God of light, he was known for killing a giant snake that was harassing his mother.
Artemis- was the female god of hunting, wilderness and wild animals also the god of childbirth.
Aphrodite- Female God of love, beauty, pleasure, and precreation.
Poseidon- Olympian god of the sea; rivers, flood, drought, earthquakes and horses. He supposedly looked as if he were an old man with a dark beard and holding a trident. A trident is a three pronged spear.
Venus-God of love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory.
Ares- God of war, battle, civil order and courage.
Dionysus- God of wine and drunkenness.
Hephaestus- God of technology.
Athena- God of wisdom and courage.
Hermes- God of boundaries and transitions.
Hades- He was the king of the underworld and the god of death and the dead. Hades was also known as the god of the hidden wealth of the earth, he made the soil fertile, gave riches of gold, silver and other metals to the ground.
Demeter- God of harvest, grain and fertility of the earth.
Hestia- Virgin god of hearth and agriculture
Hera- Female god of women and marriage.
Origin of religion- Greek religion was a predominant form of early Paganism and as a result their religion reflection many central ideas and concepts of earlier forms of Paganism. Religion was a very important aspect of Greek society. Greeks believed that they had to worship and please the Gods in order to have good fortune. The Greeks also worshipped many gods.
Why they prayed? They prayed to the gods for religious purposes and worshipped the gods because they believed they controlled the world and controlled everything that happened. They also prayed to thank the god and pray for certain things to happen. They also prayed to the god for the same reason people do today. Too believe in something and for answers and explanations. They needed something to believe in and tell them why they were there and why the things that happened, happened.
Monotheist is believing in one god. Polytheist is believing in more than one god.
Religion and mythology: religion and mythology differ but have overlapping aspects. Both terms refer to systems of concepts that are high of importance to a certain community, making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred. Generally, mythology is considered one component or aspect of religion.
Religion is the broader term: besides mythological aspects, it includes aspects of ritual morality, theology, and mystical experience. A given mythology is almost always associated with a certain religion such as Greek mythology with Ancient Greek religion. Disconnected from its religious system, a myth may lose its immediate relevance to the community and evolve-away from sacred importance-into a legend or folktale.
Delian League and Military
-The league was controlled by Sparta and Athens
-Athens was recognized as a metropolis (Mother city)
-They placed Athens at the head because of its strong navy
-IN 446 B.C. the league became and empire ruled mostly by Athens
-The league was land and water based.
-The league took over other cities and forced them to join the league and have a democratic government.
-Purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after Greek victory in the battle of Plataea
-In 467 B.C. the league overcame Naxos and moved onto take over Asia Minor
Tactics
-Avoided engagement with the Spartan infantry.
-The purpose was to maintain pressure on the enemy occupation to eventually over run it having only few casualties.
-The Athens were predicted to prevail over Sparta due to superior amounts of resources, money and men.
Delian league Goals
- To liberate the Lonian Greeks from Persian rule.
-To safeguard the islands in the Aegean from further Persian aggression.
-Within time, the Delian League controlled virtually all the Greeks in the islands and coastal region of the Aegean. The league slowly turned in to an Athenian empire
Pericles
-Delian war
-Promoted the arts and literature (Athens hold the reputation of being educational and cultural centered)
-Turned the Delian League into an Athenian Empire
-Responsible for rebuilding the Athens
Key Players
Persian War
-Themistocles. Athenian admiral at battle of Salamis.
-Darius 1. King of Persian Empire during first Persian war, 490 B.C.
-Xerxes. King of Persian Empire during Second Persian war, 480 to 479 B.C.
-Miltiades. Athenian general at battle of Marathon
Peloponnese War
Cleon-First representative of the commercial class politics.
Nicias- Member of Athenian aristocracy, became the rival of Cleon, aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta.
Alcibiades Prominent Athenian Statesman, Orator and general, played a major role in the 2 half of the conflict.
Weapon and Armor
Persian War
Hoplon- Greek weapon made by wood covered by bronze. Inside is leather
Knimis- Flexible metal and lined with felt, leather or cloth. Wore around the legs.
Peloponnese war
Short swords(spears), shields, helmets
Who participated in the Army
-All physically fit men citizens 18-60 years.
Different kind of soldiers. 4
Peltast
-Were a lighter infantryman, without armor except for a helmet.
-armed with the long spear plus 7 smaller spheres, for throwing
-carried a longer, oval shaped shield, or sometimes a crescent shaped shield.
-Fought in a more open order, their job in battle being to protect the flanks and rear of hoplite formations.
-Although sometimes citizens of the state fought, many Peltast were mercenaries in ancient Greece.
Hoplite
-a heavy infantryman
-Wore armor, a breastplate, helmet, and greaves(to protect the lower leg)
-he was armed with a long spear, 8 to 12 feet long, used for thrusting, and a large rounds shield called a hoplon.
-Fought in close order, shoulder to shoulder
-Usually citizens of the state for which they fought.
Psiloi
-Were the missile troops, completely unarmored
-Could be armed with a bow, a sling, or a small spear
-Rarely carried shields
-fought in an extended open order
-Their job on the battlefield was to take on the enemy ahead of the main group.
-were citizens too poor to afford the equipment of a hoplite
Cavalry
-some armies also had small numbers of cavalry.
-These could be light cavalry, unarmored men in open order armed only with small spheres
-Other cavalry fought in a closer formation
-wore leather or metal armor, and were armed with a sphere and sometimes a shield.
Famous Battles
The Persian war (492-449) B.C.
-Land and sea battle
-The battle of Marathon took place in the first Persian invasion of Greece, and was fought between Athens and Plataea.
-was significant in showing the world that the Persians could be defeated
-This is was created marathon running.
Battle of Salamis 480 B.C.
-It was fought in September 480 B.C. and was fought between the Greek city-states and their enemy Persia took place in the straight between Piraeus and Salamis island near Athens.
-The defeat at Salamis shifted the war in Greece's favor.
-The battle of Salamis was the most important battle in human history.
Art and Architecture of Athenians :
Key players: Theophil Freiherr, Ictinus, Prince of Bavaria.
Key buildings: Temples: Parthenon- temple of Parthenon, the Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC. Erechtheum-temple from the mddle classical period of Greek built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405 BC. Open air Theatres (ampitheatres) open public markets or agora around the agora were often buildings fronted with an open wall of columns.
Athenian or Ancient Greek: Big influence on art and architecture-sculpture. Pottery: bowls for mixing wine and water. Jugs and cups to drink water. Corinth and Athenians dominated. Their pottery was exported all over greek world. Pottery became an industry and pottery painting became a form of art. Black, red, yellow, and white were main colors of the art.
Architecture: Painting was a big role. Played as a visual. Paintings on wall. Always wanted it very colorful but as years past they faded. Greek sculpters were always painted and very bright paint was used. Buildings: ionic, parth enon, Erechtheion were all huge pillar buiildings with gods or statues of people.
Money: type of money- decadrachma (43.25g) tetradrachma (17.20g) Drachma (4.30g) obol(.72g)
Hellenistic- art and architecture spread into India. Excavation of Ai-Khanoum in eastern Afghanistan. Greco-Buddhist art represented a syncretism between Greek art and the visual expression of Buddhism. During this period sculptures became more and more naturalistic.
Success or fail? It was a success. Money- they increased their money to build more theaters and make paintings. Popularity- the popularity increased because of the theaters. Also the travelers would go here for the attraction. Theaters -Theaters were the main attraction during this period.
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Geography- how the land and climate helped and hurt soldiers during battles.
-with all the mountains around and in Athens, it made it hard to fight the Athenians. Since Athens had hot dry summers, it made it hard on the soldiers.
Land- Greece is made up almost entirely of mountainous land with only small areas of lowlands. The mountains are beautiful but made it hard to farm and make a living. They also made it hard to travel and communicate with people a distance away. The mountains divided the cities in Ancient Greece and each city had its own customs and ideas. Since they were a lot of mountains it was easy for the Athens to fight. They knew the land better during battles.
Sea- The Athenians were located near the sea in a region of Greece called Attica. Because the Athenians were so close to the sea they became traders trading with other civilizations around the Mediterranean region. This encouraged Athens to build a strong naval fleet. Due to their constant travel around the Mediterranean, Athens began to learn about other cultures along with learning new ideas while at the same time spreading their own cultures and ideas.
Climate- Hot dry summers. Average temperature in January was 4 degrees. They didn’t get much rain so that made it hard to farm.
Natural Resources- Olive trees. Grapes (eaten plain or turned into wine). Lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zin, Nickel, Magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential. Only 23% of the land is usable and the rest is mostly barren mountains.
Trade and Farming- All the mountains made it hard to farm so they barely had any crops. They farmed mostly olives.
Mining- The Greeks developed extensive silver mines at Laurium, the profits from which helped to support the growth of Athens as a city-state. Used Bronze, tin, and copper for tools and weapons.
Jobs- Most farmers worked alone but the entire family helped out during planting season. Farmers raised pigs grew wheat and barley, and tended to olive groves and vineyards. Merchants traded surplus goods in exchange for slaves, grain, metals and timber. Manufacture workers specialized in making goods like pottery, armor and clothing.
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