Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
some were nomadic, others were farmers; the men hunted and the women prepared the meat and prepared the hides
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
they were looking for gold in the black hills; land for farming; cattle ranching
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
Assimilation- In 1887 they passed an act to "Americanize" the Native Americans. It disbanded reservations and gave land to individual Native Americans. But by 1932, whites had taken over approximately 2/3s of the land had been squandered away from them.
-Describe a cowboy's life.
Learned how to ranch from the Mexicans; drove cattle from Texas to Kansas and Illinois and the Railroads would ship them; spent 12 hours a day working on the ranch; spent multiple days at a time driving cattle, and they had a rough life on the trail
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
Homestead Act is an act that lets any citizen to have up to 160 acres of land for the man of each household, so 600,000 people settled the Great Plains
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Weather, Indians, animals
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Weather, hard soil
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Low crop prices, high prices of railroad shipping
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
farmers and people who were in debt
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
oil, coal, iron ore
government support for businesses
growing urban population that provided cheap labor and markets for new products
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?Bessemer Process
Barbed Wire
Farm Machinery
light bulb and system for distributing electricity
electric street cars
type writer
telephone
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
transported goods and people, gave people jobs, established time zones, connected the East and the West
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
government gave land grants to businesses and railroads instead of settlers
railroads fixed prices to keep farmers in debt, made short trips cost a lot
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
they established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination
states gained the right to control the railroads so they benefited the farmers and consumers
Interstate Commerce Act- allowed the federal government to supervise railroad activities and formed an interstate commerce commission
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
born in Scotland in 1836
worked his way up to Private Secretary at the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
Left the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and started Carnegie steel Company
by 1899 they were manufaturing more steel than all of Great Britain
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
established Standard Oil Company
joined with competing companies in trust agreements
used trusts to gain control of the entire oil industry
"Robber Baron"
got rid of competition then spiked prices
gave away over 500 million dollars and donated over 90% of his fortune
established Rockefeller Foundation
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Success and failure in business was governed by natural law and no one had the right to intervene.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).- refer p.242
vertical- when a business buys out its suppliers in order to control the raw materials and railroad
horizontal- when companies producing similar products merge or get bought out by other companies
Trusts- participants turn their stock over to a group of trusties
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman Antitrust Act- made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
organizations that workers join. they were originally formed to protect workers from being underpaid and overworked. Now they are used more to make sure everything is being done in the correct way
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
a lot of them failed, but they did win some things like less hours and better pay
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
better life in U.S.
famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution.
Where did immigrants come from?
before 1890-western and northern Europe
After 1890-eastern and southern Europe.
1907-Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
took a week to travel over the Atlantic and 3 weeks over the Pacific
poor people were put in the cargo hold in the ships and had bad living conditions
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
they argued it took jobs away from the American citizens
banned some people from coming
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
advances in science and technology
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
very cramped, not very safe living conditions, need people to clean things and firefighters and policemen
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
orginized police forces and firefighters
chlorination and filtration of water
settlement houses- James Addams co-founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
skyscrapers- could build up instead of out because of limited space
electric streetcars- got rid of horse problem
Central Park- beautifying the cities
airplanes, Kodak Camera, Automobile, amusement parks, sports-tennis, boxing baseball
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
more people enrolled every year and the literacy rate kept increasing
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
restricted voting to those who could read and write; poll tax had to be paid befor people could vote; JIm Crow Laws- segregated blacks and whites
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Allowed segregation of blacks and whites
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Biking-1880s, baseball-1860s, tennis-1873, art galleries, boxing, theatres
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
voting rights, more going to college, more working
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
convince state legislature to grant women the right to vote, pursued court cases to test the Fourteenth Amendment(equal protection under the law), pushed for a nation constitutional amendment to grant women the right to vote- eventually passed in 1920
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Susan B. Anthony, Carry Nation, Elizabeth Catie Stanton
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.( called him self the Trust Buster)
saved millions of acres in forests to save the forests natural beauty, solved many foreign policy problems, Panama Canal
-Square Deal
he would not favor one particular group of americans
-Breaking up strikes
summoned both the workers and business owners to resolve the issue, told the business owners to side with workers
-Regulating railroads
Hepburn Act, lower rates for common people
-Regulating food and drugs
set up the FDA
-Conservation
saved millions of acres of natural land, used irrigation to grow crops, set up national parks, national monuments, and wildlife refugees
-Civil Rights
gave African Americans some rights, but believed the white race was superior
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
reduced the average tariff from 46-41%
-Land disputes
Appointed Richard A. Ballinger, he removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands from the reserved list
-Breaking up trusts
broke up Standard Oil Company, American Tobacco Company, and U.S. Steel
-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited
-Break-up of the Republican Party
progressives wanted change, took Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon's power away
conservatives did not want change
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Taft gets Republican nomination
Roosevelt started "The Bull Moose Party"
Democrats had NJ Governor Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson won the election
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
-Breaking up trusts
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914- made some businesses illegal, like retailers handling supplies and controlling other companies
Federal Trade Commission- investigate companies that they think are trusts
-Underwood Tariff
made a graduated Federal Income Tax, lowered tariffs from 40% to 25%
-16th Amendment
the more money you make, the higher your taxes will be
-Federal Reserve System
maintains stability for financial issues, banks borrow money to borrow money, broken down into 12 districts, one of the most powerful organizations in the country, control interest rates
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
Comments