Ch. 5.1:-Describe Native American culture.Before Europeans: plant crops, hunt, settle in small villagesAfter: horses and guns, they were able to travel farther and hunt more efficiently. They abided by the Tribal law. They traded and produced beautifully crafted clothes and tools.-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?The settlers believed that owning land, making a mining claim, and starting business would gice them a stake in the county. They moved west because gold was found in colorado which led to the Gold Rush.-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?In 1834, the govt passed an act that designated the G.P. as one big reservation set aside for Native American tribes. Years later, the govt changed its policy and created treaties that had specific boundaries for each tribe. Most Native Americans rejected the govt treaties and continued to hunt on their lands, colliding with settlers and miners. go to war against them and we push them into reservations. Asimilation-where they try to Americanize the native americans...getting them to farm and change their fortune.-Describe a cowboy's life.work on ranches, some work in rodeos. Cowboys were mainly 15-40 years old.They worked on ranches for 10-14 hours a day. used guns to scare off animals that might scare the cattle or the horses. They usually started off spring with a spring roundup. overland transport-1 cowboy for every 300 cattle, a cook who also drove the chuck wagon and set up camp and a wrangler for the horses. Cowboys were on the long drive frin dawn to dusk.Ch. 5.2:-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?It gave people the chance to get some land for free. Helped people get to places. It was their way of transporting their goods. Homestead act of 1862: was farm land that was given to settlers, the minimum lot was 160 acres. THe Homestead act was signed in to law by president abraham lincoln.-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?extreme hardships, droughts, floods, fires, lacust plagues and weather. It was also lonely.-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?*trouble with the cost of shipping their grain. farmers found themselves in debt to buy more farm land to keep up with the rise and fall of wheat prices. New farm machinery was invented to hekp speed the farmingm but the machines were so expensive to buy. land was hard to farm due to the prairie grass that covered the plains. soil had never been cut by a plow.Ch. 5.3:-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?prices of the crops were falling. Banks were foreclosing their farms. Good farming land was becomiong harder to get and there was less of it available. They had problems with the railroads-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?(1892-1900) Populism-the movement of the people. Demanded reforms to lift the burder of debt from the farmers. Give people more say in their government.Actions: They tried to increase the money supply which would cause people to pau more to the farms. Started the 8-hour work day. Started a federal loan program which helped the farmers. Put restrictions on immigration. Eventually became progressives.Ch. 6.1:-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?Reasons: 1.a wealth of natural resources2. government support for business3.a growing urban population4.cheap labor and markets for new products2 continued----laissez-fairre is the government policy that they are going to keep their hands off and leave the businesses alone. Iron and steel. steel was stronger and could support more. Availability of cheaper steel also made the Industrial revolution take off.-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?Bessemer Process- discovered bu william kelly in 185. took out imourities in iron by oxidation.The light bulb- 1850 Joseph Swan invented the bulb with carbonized paper filaments. perfected by thomas edison. 1879- Swan began installing in homes and landmarks in England.The typewriter- Invented bu Christopher Sholes 1868. It was originally designed like the telegraph. original one only had capital letters. QWERTY was invented because of pairs of letters frequently used together. Because the first tupewriter didn't have lowercase and wasn't a big hit. Became popular in 1873 when shift key came in use for lowercase.The telephone- Alexnder Graham Bell invented it in the late 1870's. the telphone was invented to try to improve the telegraph. He came up with the idea of sending speech electricity instead of messages while working on the telegraph.Changes peoples life:----------------------------------------------The lightbulb made lighting homes easierelectricity became world wide, making life easierPeople could communicate quicker in a longer distance with a telephonethe typewriter gave many women more job opportunities in offices.The refrigerator made it possible to store foods at a cool temperature. This made foods last longer and food poisoning caused of rotting food occur less.Ch. 6.2:-What impact did railroads have on the US?It made it so that we could move westward easier and quicker for the settlers to move west. Trade and transport goods.It brought hope and faith to Americans.Vetrerans made the tracks for the trains and native Americans attacked them. growing of railroads influenced the businesses where Americans worked.-Why were many people upset with the railroads?They were upset by misuse of government land grants. which the railroads sold to other businesses rather than to settlers as the gocernment intented. Farmers were overcharged for the railroads.What the grangers /government did to regulate railroads.--the took political action they took state and local political canidates. They established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination.Railroads they set up 24 hour time zone. An hour different from each other. It took place all over the country.GRANGERS were farmers who came together to fight back against the railroads.Interstate Commerce Act- laws designed to stop railroad abuse such as free passes and rebates. Making sure the railroads would help everyone and not just the wealthy. The supreme court went against this act.Ch. 6.3:-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.Born to a poor family in scotland in 1835. Moved to the US in 1848. Got his first job when he was 13 and earned $1.20 per week. In 1854, he became a private secretary to his local superintent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. His boss, gave Carnegie a change to buy stock. He started the Carnegie steel company which produced more steel than Britain had. controlled almost all of the steel industry. He used the horizontal and vertical integratioon to try and control as much of the steel industry as possible.-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.Born July 8, 1839. second of six children. starteed first business at 19. Established the Standard Oil company in Ohio. Paid employees extremely low wages. Sold oil for much less money than it cost to make. When there were no competitors left, he raised the prices. ISed trist agree,emts tp merge with other companies.-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?thought to scientifically ezplain carnegies succeses. Social darwinism- theory based on charles darwins theory of evolution, natural selection. that says the individuals who have wealth and power posses biological superiority in the struggle for existence. The big businesses that had more money and produced more products would dominate the market.-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts). horizontal integration is buying out other companies thar produce the same product in order to eliminate the competition. Vertical Integration- process of buying out the company's supplies such as coal fields, iron mines, and railroads. look in 6-3 in Americas book on page 242. trust agreements, or trust, are a type of company merger, companies joining together. Trust are a form of monopoly. Stocks are turned over to a group of tristecs, who run each company as a large corporation the corporation. Monopoly- businesses trying to beat out their competition.-How did the government try to regulate business?The US government started regulating business to tru to protect small businesses. The Sherman Antitrust Act. The first measure to prohibit trust. Made it iillegal for companies to form a trust that interfeered with interstate or foreign trade. A $5,000 fine,-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?Wrkers were paid very little a week and worked many hours. THe jobs were dangerous in 1882 and average of 672 workers were killed in work-related accidents each week. Large scale labor unions first formed in 1866. Labor unions are groups of skilled and unskilled workers that work together to make their working conditions.Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.The national labor union. formed in 1866 by William H. Sylvis. Had 640,000 members. Focused on joining existing unions together. Protest and Strikes. Workers would stop working and demand changes by their employees. Haymarket Affair- May 4, 1886. 3,000 people gathered at Haymarket swuare in chicago to protect policy brutality. No, earlier on. As time goes on, yes. They started to make some gains. better pay, workers compensation,Ch. 7.1:Why did immigrants come to the US?immigration- a person who migrates into another usually try for permanent residence.emigrants- a person who emigrates from his or her natice country or region.--they came to escape religious persecution.(jews)Where did immigrants come from?Europe, Russia, China, Japan. Jamaica, CUba, Puerta Rico. came over to find jobs. Mexicans came over to escape political term...What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?trabsportation. crowded often in gloom, no fresh air, rarelyu allowed on deck. insect infested bunksm they had to share toilets, diseases spread quickly. Ellis Island. Angel Island.Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?Nativism- facoritism toward native born americans. Thought pronlems wwere caused by Latins, and Asians so they were against those groups. Nativist thought that imigrants frim the right country such as Germans, English, Scandanavanians were ok. Countries that were progressicem historically free. Many colleges and businesses refused jews. Anti Asian sentiment. check section 7-1.Ch. 7.3Gilded- means to be covered with gold. looked good on the outside but on the inside had some problems.Gilded Age- 1865-1890's. modern industrial economy and an area of reform. The civil service Act.What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?organized group of people that cotrols all activities of a political party in a city. They offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. The political machines took over local governments and decades after the civil war ended. Baltimore, New York, San Francisco were some of the major cities that were controlled by political machines. they are organized like a pyramid. Top- city bosses and the base-local workers and captains. Ward bosses and city bosses worked together. The machines help the immigrants get full citizenship. some machines made fake names for the votes they needed.Graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.Tweed was born in 1823. 1841- began to build a power base in Tammany (hall in New York) and then was elected into the Democratic party. 1876 was elected gocernmor of New York and nearly won presidence in the electoral college to RUtherford B. Hayes, Died in jail in 1878. between 1865 abd 1871, tweed and his assistance stole millions of dp;;ars from the city treasurer. Boss Tweed escaped from prison on december 4th, 1875, and fled to Europe. tweed ring scandal defrauded the city, openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corriptoon and controlled new york politics.What caused all this corruption in government?dishonest people like tweed. pantronage spurs reform/ the spoils system.What laws came about to reform government?Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883. it authorized a bipartism civil sercive commision to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidate's performance on an examination. replaced the spoiling/ spurs system.Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?Hayes could not convince the congress to support reform. stalwarts- status quo...halfbreed-reformers. James Garfield was nominated as the new president. he was shot by a stalwart in a train station. when arthur heard about the reason for the shooting, he changed from a stalwart to a reformer. Arthur passed the Pendleton civil service act. Cleveland was nominated president and he tried to lower tariffs but congress would not let him. democratic party didn't want high tariffs so they raised prices instead. Harrison won with a campaign of higher tariffs...cleveland won popular vote but Harrison won electorial vote.half breed- Hayes, Garfield, Arthur ( changed to a half breed after he figured out that charles Gatoo shot Garfield so he couled become president(Stalwarts- U.S. Grant and chester arthur, benjamin harrison, willliam McKinley. Know the differences between the stalwarts and the half breed.Ch. 8.1:-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?cities in the industrial area expanded outward and upward. the problem was limited space, so they came uo with the Skyscrapers- architects became able to build higher building because of the invention of the elevator. built skyscrapers due to limited space on the ground. electric transit. electricity transformed the transportation system. subways and el trains. the wright brothers built a glider. george eastman came up with the kodak camera.Ch. 8.2:-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?laws were passed durin 1865 and 1895 required students between 8 and 14 to atend school for at leas 12-16 weeks. Half a million students attended ruing the early 1900s, inlcuded courses science, social studies, and civics.Racial discrimintaion less then one percent of afriacn americans went to school. Most went to private schools. Wants immigrans to learn English and learn the American way. Americanize immigrants.Many dropped out and few had diplimes. One about 2.3 % of yound peopel attended colleges and universities. law and medicine schools were established. out of 9 million african americans only about 3 tho usand attended colleges. Booker T. whashington- he belived in racisn would end when baclks go t useful labors skilss and proved there economic calue to society, borna enslaved, wanted to give blacks teach diplomas also useful skills.ch 8:3-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.pleassy, wanted to sit in all white skin railway carriage but was asked to sit in an all black railway carriage. violating a 1890 louisiana law that stated seperate but equal. The decision establioshed the doctrine of seperate but equal witch allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service. at trial, with justice john ferguson presiding. Plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the state's police powers based upon custom, usage, and tradition in the state. Plessy filed a petition for writs of prohibition and certiroan in the supreme court of louisiana against ferguson, asserting that segregation stigmatized blacks and stamped them with a badge of inferiority in violence of the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment. the decision established the doctrine of seperate but equal witch allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as ling as they provided equal services.Ch. 8.4:-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.Amusement parks first started in 1894 and 1893. Bicycling first started in 1885 as a only male sport. the first tennis match in the us was in the 1880's. Alexander J. Cartwright organized a club in new york city. Newspapers and magazined led to big advertisement. Shopped by mail in 1910.Ch. 9.1-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).a period of time from 1890-1920 where our country made a lot of progress. helping the common people out. getting better wages, women getting the right to vote. goals: 1. protect social welfare.(helping the poor) 2. promote moral improvement.(getting rid of alcohol) 3. creating economic reform. (changing how our economy is run allowing more people to have a say in our economy) 4. fostering efficiency (workplace....how people were using their time in the factories....trying to be efficient so prices come down.) idea of treating people better so they work harder.-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition? prohibition is the banning of alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was part of promoting moral improvememt. prohibition groups feared that alcohol was undermining american morals. Womens christian temperance. antisaloon league.-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.the young mens christian association opened libraries sponsored classes and built swimming pools. the womens christian temperance union provided?????????-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?prohibition- prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages. women wanted the 18th amendment the most because it was seen as a destroyer in family and marriages. Men would spend all their money on alcohol and not have any left to provide for their family.-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?socialism is the belief and the hope that by the proper use of government power. Men can be rescued from their helplessness in the wild cycling cruelty of depression and boom. arrival of german immigrants in the 1850s when marxian socialist unions began. capitalism vs socialism. capitalism is people that own businesses. Socialism is where the government runs businesses. socialism is not usually seen as a positive thing.-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?known as hournalist who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in the early 20th century. the impact resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact on the US. Ida tarbell.-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?they would get rid of the old political machines and institute city council led my city managers. they made it so one person doesn't have as much power.-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?lawyer Louis D. Brandeis focused on data produced by social scientist documenting the high cost of long working hours for both the individual and society. paid workers better and cut hours. If you treat workers well, they will stay at the company longer and work harder in a shorter time frame. minimum wage-...time is money.-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?shorter work days. workmans compensation laws started coming in place. if you were hurt on the job, you got paid while recovering. More laws regulating the safety of factories.-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?enforced child labor laws. cut work hours down. investigated the evidence of children working in harsh conditions. joined some members of the labor union who argued that children working lowered the wages of all the workers. keting/owen act that said if you are under you couldn't work. Realized that kids should be in school learning than pulling a lever everyday and working in a fatory-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?kept the oregon law and limited women to a 8-10 hour work day due to the progressives.-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?henry ford made better wages bu only having people work 8 hour work days and payed them $5 every day. Minimum wage laws were passed during this time as well. started with henry ford.-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?they used a thing called a secret ballet also known as the Australian ballot. By 1920 already 20 states had adopted this procedure. 17th amendment. 19th amendment-women could vote. recall-if a governor was doing something wrong, they could recall him and kick him out of the office. referendum- child labor. initiative -(start) allows people to initiate a bill. if 51% would vote to do it, it would become outlawed in the state. direct primary allowing the people to directly choose who they want.-What did the 17th Amendment do?called for direct election (elected by the people) of senators instead of the state legislature choosing them. many people claim it upsets the balance of power federal and state government. allowed everyone to vote.Ch. 9.2-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.during the civil war, only upper and middle class woman women could stay in their home and devote their time to their family. the poor class had to go and work in factories so they didn't have much time to cook and spend with their family. in the late 1800's many women started to go to colleges and tried to get an education. they were not allowed in many places because they were women.-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the 19th amendment in 1878. 41 years later in 1919 that congress submitted it to the staates for ratification-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.Susan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady SwansonCarrie NationCh. 5.1:-Describe Native American culture.Before Europeans: plant crops, hunt, settle in small villagesAfter: horses and guns, they were able to travel farther and hunt more efficiently. They abided by the Tribal law. They traded and produced beautifully crafted clothes and tools.-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?The settlers believed that owning land, making a mining claim, and starting business would gice them a stake in the county. They moved west because gold was found in colorado which led to the Gold Rush.-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?In 1834, the govt passed an act that designated the G.P. as one big reservation set aside for Native American tribes. Years later, the govt changed its policy and created treaties that had specific boundaries for each tribe. Most Native Americans rejected the govt treaties and continued to hunt on their lands, colliding with settlers and miners. go to war against them and we push them into reservations. Asimilation-where they try to Americanize the native americans...getting them to farm and change their fortune.-Describe a cowboy's life.work on ranches, some work in rodeos. Cowboys were mainly 15-40 years old.They worked on ranches for 10-14 hours a day. used guns to scare off animals that might scare the cattle or the horses. They usually started off spring with a spring roundup. overland transport-1 cowboy for every 300 cattle, a cook who also drove the chuck wagon and set up camp and a wrangler for the horses. Cowboys were on the long drive frin dawn to dusk.Ch. 5.2:-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?It gave people the chance to get some land for free. Helped people get to places. It was their way of transporting their goods. Homestead act of 1862: was farm land that was given to settlers, the minimum lot was 160 acres. THe Homestead act was signed in to law by president abraham lincoln.-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?extreme hardships, droughts, floods, fires, lacust plagues and weather. It was also lonely.-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?*trouble with the cost of shipping their grain. farmers found themselves in debt to buy more farm land to keep up with the rise and fall of wheat prices. New farm machinery was invented to hekp speed the farmingm but the machines were so expensive to buy. land was hard to farm due to the prairie grass that covered the plains. soil had never been cut by a plow.Ch. 5.3:-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?prices of the crops were falling. Banks were foreclosing their farms. Good farming land was becomiong harder to get and there was less of it available. They had problems with the railroads-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?(1892-1900) Populism-the movement of the people. Demanded reforms to lift the burder of debt from the farmers. Give people more say in their government.Actions: They tried to increase the money supply which would cause people to pau more to the farms. Started the 8-hour work day. Started a federal loan program which helped the farmers. Put restrictions on immigration. Eventually became progressives.Ch. 6.1:-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?Reasons: 1.a wealth of natural resources2. government support for business3.a growing urban population4.cheap labor and markets for new products2 continued----laissez-fairre is the government policy that they are going to keep their hands off and leave the businesses alone. Iron and steel. steel was stronger and could support more. Availability of cheaper steel also made the Industrial revolution take off.-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?Bessemer Process- discovered bu william kelly in 185. took out imourities in iron by oxidation.The light bulb- 1850 Joseph Swan invented the bulb with carbonized paper filaments. perfected by thomas edison. 1879- Swan began installing in homes and landmarks in England.The typewriter- Invented bu Christopher Sholes 1868. It was originally designed like the telegraph. original one only had capital letters. QWERTY was invented because of pairs of letters frequently used together. Because the first tupewriter didn't have lowercase and wasn't a big hit. Became popular in 1873 when shift key came in use for lowercase.The telephone- Alexnder Graham Bell invented it in the late 1870's. the telphone was invented to try to improve the telegraph. He came up with the idea of sending speech electricity instead of messages while working on the telegraph.Changes peoples life:----------------------------------------------The lightbulb made lighting homes easierelectricity became world wide, making life easierPeople could communicate quicker in a longer distance with a telephonethe typewriter gave many women more job opportunities in offices.The refrigerator made it possible to store foods at a cool temperature. This made foods last longer and food poisoning caused of rotting food occur less.Ch. 6.2:-What impact did railroads have on the US?It made it so that we could move westward easier and quicker for the settlers to move west. Trade and transport goods.It brought hope and faith to Americans.Vetrerans made the tracks for the trains and native Americans attacked them. growing of railroads influenced the businesses where Americans worked.-Why were many people upset with the railroads?They were upset by misuse of government land grants. which the railroads sold to other businesses rather than to settlers as the gocernment intented. Farmers were overcharged for the railroads.What the grangers /government did to regulate railroads.--the took political action they took state and local political canidates. They established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination.Railroads they set up 24 hour time zone. An hour different from each other. It took place all over the country.GRANGERS were farmers who came together to fight back against the railroads.Interstate Commerce Act- laws designed to stop railroad abuse such as free passes and rebates. Making sure the railroads would help everyone and not just the wealthy. The supreme court went against this act.Ch. 6.3:-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.Born to a poor family in scotland in 1835. Moved to the US in 1848. Got his first job when he was 13 and earned $1.20 per week. In 1854, he became a private secretary to his local superintent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. His boss, gave Carnegie a change to buy stock. He started the Carnegie steel company which produced more steel than Britain had. controlled almost all of the steel industry. He used the horizontal and vertical integratioon to try and control as much of the steel industry as possible.-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.Born July 8, 1839. second of six children. starteed first business at 19. Established the Standard Oil company in Ohio. Paid employees extremely low wages. Sold oil for much less money than it cost to make. When there were no competitors left, he raised the prices. ISed trist agree,emts tp merge with other companies.-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?thought to scientifically ezplain carnegies succeses. Social darwinism- theory based on charles darwins theory of evolution, natural selection. that says the individuals who have wealth and power posses biological superiority in the struggle for existence. The big businesses that had more money and produced more products would dominate the market.-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts). horizontal integration is buying out other companies thar produce the same product in order to eliminate the competition. Vertical Integration- process of buying out the company's supplies such as coal fields, iron mines, and railroads. look in 6-3 in Americas book on page 242. trust agreements, or trust, are a type of company merger, companies joining together. Trust are a form of monopoly. Stocks are turned over to a group of tristecs, who run each company as a large corporation the corporation. Monopoly- businesses trying to beat out their competition.-How did the government try to regulate business?The US government started regulating business to tru to protect small businesses. The Sherman Antitrust Act. The first measure to prohibit trust. Made it iillegal for companies to form a trust that interfeered with interstate or foreign trade. A $5,000 fine,-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?Wrkers were paid very little a week and worked many hours. THe jobs were dangerous in 1882 and average of 672 workers were killed in work-related accidents each week. Large scale labor unions first formed in 1866. Labor unions are groups of skilled and unskilled workers that work together to make their working conditions.Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.The national labor union. formed in 1866 by William H. Sylvis. Had 640,000 members. Focused on joining existing unions together. Protest and Strikes. Workers would stop working and demand changes by their employees. Haymarket Affair- May 4, 1886. 3,000 people gathered at Haymarket swuare in chicago to protect policy brutality. No, earlier on. As time goes on, yes. They started to make some gains. better pay, workers compensation,Ch. 7.1:Why did immigrants come to the US?immigration- a person who migrates into another usually try for permanent residence.emigrants- a person who emigrates from his or her natice country or region.--they came to escape religious persecution.(jews)Where did immigrants come from?Europe, Russia, China, Japan. Jamaica, CUba, Puerta Rico. came over to find jobs. Mexicans came over to escape political term...What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?trabsportation. crowded often in gloom, no fresh air, rarelyu allowed on deck. insect infested bunksm they had to share toilets, diseases spread quickly. Ellis Island. Angel Island.Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?Nativism- facoritism toward native born americans. Thought pronlems wwere caused by Latins, and Asians so they were against those groups. Nativist thought that imigrants frim the right country such as Germans, English, Scandanavanians were ok. Countries that were progressicem historically free. Many colleges and businesses refused jews. Anti Asian sentiment. check section 7-1.Ch. 7.3Gilded- means to be covered with gold. looked good on the outside but on the inside had some problems.Gilded Age- 1865-1890's. modern industrial economy and an area of reform. The civil service Act.What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?organized group of people that cotrols all activities of a political party in a city. They offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. The political machines took over local governments and decades after the civil war ended. Baltimore, New York, San Francisco were some of the major cities that were controlled by political machines. they are organized like a pyramid. Top- city bosses and the base-local workers and captains. Ward bosses and city bosses worked together. The machines help the immigrants get full citizenship. some machines made fake names for the votes they needed.Graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.Tweed was born in 1823. 1841- began to build a power base in Tammany (hall in New York) and then was elected into the Democratic party. 1876 was elected gocernmor of New York and nearly won presidence in the electoral college to RUtherford B. Hayes, Died in jail in 1878. between 1865 abd 1871, tweed and his assistance stole millions of dp;;ars from the city treasurer. Boss Tweed escaped from prison on december 4th, 1875, and fled to Europe. tweed ring scandal defrauded the city, openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corriptoon and controlled new york politics.What caused all this corruption in government?dishonest people like tweed. pantronage spurs reform/ the spoils system.What laws came about to reform government?Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883. it authorized a bipartism civil sercive commision to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidate's performance on an examination. replaced the spoiling/ spurs system.Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?Hayes could not convince the congress to support reform. stalwarts- status quo...halfbreed-reformers. James Garfield was nominated as the new president. he was shot by a stalwart in a train station. when arthur heard about the reason for the shooting, he changed from a stalwart to a reformer. Arthur passed the Pendleton civil service act. Cleveland was nominated president and he tried to lower tariffs but congress would not let him. democratic party didn't want high tariffs so they raised prices instead. Harrison won with a campaign of higher tariffs...cleveland won popular vote but Harrison won electorial vote.half breed- Hayes, Garfield, Arthur ( changed to a half breed after he figured out that charles Gatoo shot Garfield so he couled become president(Stalwarts- U.S. Grant and chester arthur, benjamin harrison, willliam McKinley. Know the differences between the stalwarts and the half breed.Ch. 8.1:-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?cities in the industrial area expanded outward and upward. the problem was limited space, so they came uo with the Skyscrapers- architects became able to build higher building because of the invention of the elevator. built skyscrapers due to limited space on the ground. electric transit. electricity transformed the transportation system. subways and el trains. the wright brothers built a glider. george eastman came up with the kodak camera.Ch. 8.2:-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?laws were passed durin 1865 and 1895 required students between 8 and 14 to atend school for at leas 12-16 weeks. Half a million students attended ruing the early 1900s, inlcuded courses science, social studies, and civics.Racial discrimintaion less then one percent of afriacn americans went to school. Most went to private schools. Wants immigrans to learn English and learn the American way. Americanize immigrants.Many dropped out and few had diplimes. One about 2.3 % of yound peopel attended colleges and universities. law and medicine schools were established. out of 9 million african americans only about 3 tho usand attended colleges. Booker T. whashington- he belived in racisn would end when baclks go t useful labors skilss and proved there economic calue to society, borna enslaved, wanted to give blacks teach diplomas also useful skills.ch 8:3-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.pleassy, wanted to sit in all white skin railway carriage but was asked to sit in an all black railway carriage. violating a 1890 louisiana law that stated seperate but equal. The decision establioshed the doctrine of seperate but equal witch allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service. at trial, with justice john ferguson presiding. Plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the state's police powers based upon custom, usage, and tradition in the state. Plessy filed a petition for writs of prohibition and certiroan in the supreme court of louisiana against ferguson, asserting that segregation stigmatized blacks and stamped them with a badge of inferiority in violence of the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment. the decision established the doctrine of seperate but equal witch allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as ling as they provided equal services.Ch. 8.4:-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.Amusement parks first started in 1894 and 1893. Bicycling first started in 1885 as a only male sport. the first tennis match in the us was in the 1880's. Alexander J. Cartwright organized a club in new york city. Newspapers and magazined led to big advertisement. Shopped by mail in 1910.Ch. 9.1-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).a period of time from 1890-1920 where our country made a lot of progress. helping the common people out. getting better wages, women getting the right to vote. goals: 1. protect social welfare.(helping the poor) 2. promote moral improvement.(getting rid of alcohol) 3. creating economic reform. (changing how our economy is run allowing more people to have a say in our economy) 4. fostering efficiency (workplace....how people were using their time in the factories....trying to be efficient so prices come down.) idea of treating people better so they work harder.-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition? prohibition is the banning of alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was part of promoting moral improvememt. prohibition groups feared that alcohol was undermining american morals. Womens christian temperance. antisaloon league.-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.YMCA the young mens christian association opened libraries sponsored classes and built swimming pools. salvation army-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?prohibition- prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages. women wanted the 18th amendment the most because it was seen as a destroyer in family and marriages. Men would spend all their money on alcohol and not have any left to provide for their family.-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?socialism is the belief and the hope that by the proper use of government power. Men can be rescued from their helplessness in the wild cycling cruelty of depression and boom. arrival of german immigrants in the 1850s when marxian socialist unions began. capitalism vs socialism. capitalism is people that own businesses. Socialism is where the government runs businesses. socialism is not usually seen as a positive thing.-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?known as hournalist who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in the early 20th century. the impact resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact on the US. Ida tarbell.-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?they would get rid of the old political machines and institute city council led my city managers. they made it so one person doesn't have as much power.-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?lawyer Louis D. Brandeis focused on data produced by social scientist documenting the high cost of long working hours for both the individual and society. paid workers better and cut hours. If you treat workers well, they will stay at the company longer and work harder in a shorter time frame. minimum wage-...time is money.-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?shorter work days. workmans compensation laws started coming in place. if you were hurt on the job, you got paid while recovering. More laws regulating the safety of factories.-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?enforced child labor laws. cut work hours down. investigated the evidence of children working in harsh conditions. joined some members of the labor union who argued that children working lowered the wages of all the workers. keting/owen act that said if you are under you couldn't work. Realized that kids should be in school learning than pulling a lever everyday and working in a fatory-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?kept the oregon law and limited women to a 8-10 hour work day due to the progressives.-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?henry ford made better wages bu only having people work 8 hour work days and payed them $5 every day. Minimum wage laws were passed during this time as well. started with henry ford.-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?they used a thing called a secret ballet also known as the Australian ballot. By 1920 already 20 states had adopted this procedure. 17th amendment. 19th amendment-women could vote. recall-if a governor was doing something wrong, they could recall him and kick him out of the office. referendum- child labor. initiative -(start) allows people to initiate a bill. if 51% would vote to do it, it would become outlawed in the state. direct primary allowing the people to directly choose who they want.-What did the 17th Amendment do?called for direct election (elected by the people) of senators instead of the state legislature choosing them. many people claim it upsets the balance of power federal and state government. allowed everyone to vote.Ch. 9.2-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.during the civil war, only upper and middle class woman women could stay in their home and devote their time to their family. the poor class had to go and work in factories so they didn't have much time to cook and spend with their family. in the late 1800's many women started to go to colleges and tried to get an education. they were not allowed in many places because they were women.-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the 19th amendment in 1878. 41 years later in 1919 that congress submitted it to the staates for ratification. they had three approaches to granting womens righ to vote. 1. try to convince states to grant them the right to vote. 2. pursue court cases. 3. pushed for national constitutional amendment. Susan B. Anthony and other women tried to vote in 10 states over 150 times.-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.Susan B. Anthony-joined the woman's right movement.Elizabeth Cady Swanson- social activist, abolitionist, and a leader of the women's movement.Carrie Nation- went into bars and used her hatchet to break up bottles of alcohol.Ch. 9.3-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.attention to wasting natural resources. Regulating the railroad industry. Cleanliness in the meat packing industry. The square deal was roosevelts "platform". He vowed to be fair to every race and lead based on his three ideas. wanted to give everyone a square deal. vice president-1901 and president-1901-1909 of the us. governor of New York. wrote many history books. used the "bully pulpit" to influence media and help pass laws. Teddy believed that the federal government was there to help common people.Roosevelt called himself the trust buster. He broke up monopolies and trust to help the small businesses of our country.-Breaking up strikes1902 coal strike- 140,000 coal miners went on strike and demanded a 20% raise, 9 hour work day, and the right to organize a union. they got a 10% pay raise and 9 hour work day. Bad Trust vs. good trustthe federal government has to interviene.-Regulating railroadscongress had passed the interstate commerce act. this forbade railroad owners to get together and fix prices illegally. I.C. Act was set up to enforce, but had no power. Elkins Act- made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads. Hepburn Act-strictly limited the use of free passes which were also used for bribery.-Regulating food and drugsmeat inspection act- strict cleanliness procedures until methods were replaced with more sophisticated and ones in 1900s. Pure food and Drug Act. fixing false advertisements, but didn't change what went into products but did change what was on the labels.-Conservationexamples of things that led up to conservation. cutting down trees-lumberers were cutting down trees and were not replanting them. farmers were plowing prairies for farm land. Cattle over grazing the Great Plains. Sewage and untreated waste dumped into rivers and streams, creating health hazards. solution: set back specific land reserves for forests.-Civil Rightsconcern for civil rights wasnt nearly as big as it was for conservation. civil rights was helping the african americans. with parents that supported different sides, not much was done for African Americans. On an individual level, however...much to the white's horror, he selected an African American to run a customhouse in Charleston. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.Ch.9.4-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidencyacomplishments: dollar diplomacy was the idea that america would use military and diplomacy to help promote business overseas. He brought down 90 trusts or monopolies. 16th amendment that allowed the US to college income tax. Taft mainly just wanted to be on the Supreme court.the payne-aldrich tariffwas a compromise made by taft that only moderated the high rates of the aldrich bill. this upsets the democrats and the progressive republicans.-Land disputesTaft angered conversationalist by removing over 1,000,000 acres of forest and mine land from the reserved list. He took a lot of land out that roosevelt had set aside for conservation and sold it to businesses.-Breaking up trustsHe broke up many of these trust. They were known as the Trust-busters-Break-up of the Republican Partythere were two types of republicans. ones that wanted changes, and the ones that didn't. by the midterm election of 1910 the republican party was shattered with progressives with the progressives on one side and the "Old Guard" on the other. Democrats had gained control of the house, and there was a lot of tension in the republican party.-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.the main candidates for 1912:democratic-woodrow wilson. progressive-theodore roosevelt republican-William H. TaftSocialist-Eugene V. Debs Wilson won by a landslide Roosevelt came 2nd, Taft with a close 3rd and Debs with zero electoral votes and almost no popular votes. Wilson won the election. If you took taft out of the election, Roosevelt would have won.Ch. 9.5-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.strengthen the way that the banks run. the Underwood Act in 1913 that had to do with reducing tariff rates for the first time since the civil war. Wilson was president during WW1.issues: when president wilson sent a letter to germany informing them that they sunk a ship with a submarine and kille 1,100 crew along with 124 americans.-Breaking up trustsRoosevelt, Taft, and wilson were all trust-busters.-Underwood TariffWilson lobbied hard in 1913 for the Underwood Act, which would substantially reduce tariff rates for the first time since the civil war.-16th Amendmentthe congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived. The 16th amendment set up federal income tax which provided revenue by taxing individual earning and corporate profits. the more money you make, the more money you pay.-Federal Reserve System-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
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