We continued presentations.Ch. 5.1:-Describe Native American culture.hunted and planted crops, lived in the great planes, many tribes lived in the Dakotas, very spiritual, men became hunters and women cooked, made hides and took care of children,-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?to get land, to get gold/silver, to be cattle ranchers, farming.-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?They gave the indians the great plains, 1850's government made treaties, Native Americans didn't follow the rules and bad things happened. Assimilation- try to get the Native Americans to give up their beliefs and Dawes Act- Americanize the Native Americans.-Describe a cowboy's life.learned from Mexicans, cowboys clothes, food and they way they spoke came from the Mexicans. Worked 10-14 hours a day, 25% were African American and 12% were Mexican, expert riders and ropers, used guns to protect herd from animals, non-stop work, have to stay alert to make sure nothing upset the herd because they would stampede. Spring roundup- herded all the longhorns they could find into a big coral.Reason for long drive- Texas didn't have railroads.Ch. 5.2:-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?Homestead act- offered 160 acres of land to any citizen who was head of house free. Wanted people to farm. In less than a day 2 million acres were owned. People took the land before it was open that's why OK is the sooner state.-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, plagues,, and raids by outlaws and indians. Built homes out of dirt bricks and dug homes into hills. These homes were havens for snakes and other pesks and they also leaked.-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?tough dirt, machinery was expensive, shipping grain was expensive.Ch. 5.3:-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?prices of their crops dropped, farmers produced more than they needed, railroads were charging a lot.-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?Populists- a group of farmers and other western people who realized that they needed to make changes througha political power. They helped higher prices for goods and services, created a graduated income tax, created a federal loan program.Ch. 6.1:-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?Oil, steel, cheap labor from immigrants, cities allowed for large markets, a lot of natural resources, government stays out of buisnesses- laissez-fairre, entrepreneurs-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?telegraph, light bulb-Thomas Edison, type writer- christopher scoles, telephone- Alexander Graham Bell. It made their lives easierCh. 6.2:-What impact did railroads have on the US?Pros- increased trade, safer than wagons, booming of towns, quicker travel, comfort for passengersCons-construction cost, risks for workers, engines breaking down, troublw with time until time zones were established.-Why were many people upset with the railroads?the governments misuse of land grants, fixed prices, the railroads would charge more for a short haul than a large haul.-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?Grangers- an organization of farmers, they demanded control over the railroad industryGranger laws- established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination.Interstate Commerce Act- established the right on the federal government to supervise the railroads activites and 5 members of interstate commerce commissionCh. 6.3:-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.Worked at the PA Railroad Company, most powerful steel company, new machinery and techniques (accounting, offered stocks, and he like competition), Carnegie Hall, gave most of his money away before he died.-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.Created a monopoly, lower wages for workers and lower prices of oil the other companies couldn't keep up and went bankrupt, called the Robber Barons, Rockerfeller Foundation, Medical Insitute, U of Chicago-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?Social Darwinism- the success and failure in business were governed by natural law and no one had the right to intervene. If a business failed, no one would help them.-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).Vertical Integration- Oil Companies would buy out stores oil fields railroads, Horizontal Integration- standard oil companies would by out smaller oil companies (page 242)-How did the government try to regulate business?Sherman Antitrust Act- regulate businesses adn break them up if needed.-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?People in factories join together to fight back and get better wages, they were created for keeping workers from being over worked and under paid. They were created in 1866.Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examplesYes and No after the Great Strike women could work, government was against them, labor unions struggled at first. Through a lot of strike, death, and inprisonment, the labor unions got wins- vacation days, 40 hours week days, medical/dental insurance, weekends off.Ch. 7.1:Why did immigrants come to the US?California gold rush, paying more for working, push/pull factor- government bad in their country-come to US to be free, jobs scarce in their country- come to US to get jobs.Where did immigrants come from?China, Japan- San Francisco, Italy- went to where the climate was the same in Italy Ireland, England, Germany, Poland, RussiaWhat problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?diseases, lice infested beds, different languages, they had to pass pyhsical and medical examines, finding jobs, finding a place to live, nativism- people favored native born Americans to immigrants.Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?Chinese Exclusion Act- People were mad that they were taking all of the jobs, people didn't like the way that the Chinese looked. The Gentlemen's Agreement- informal agreement between US and Japan. Japanese were discrimiinated against.Ch. 7.2Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?It was cheaper, convenient, provided better opportunities, inventions- McCormick reaper and steel plow made it easier to farm and farmers didn't need as much help.What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?Crime, fires, lack of sanitation, water, housing, transportationWhat did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?Built settlement houses and fire and police forces were made.Ch. 7.3What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?Organization that tried to get people to vote for their partry. They offered services to voters and businesses. Pyramid- Boss- top, Raptains-middle, Grunt Worker- bottom. Political machines would make up names when voting. Gaft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.William M. Tweed- boss of Tammy Hall, construction of NYC- cost 3 million dollars but they charged 13 million.What caused all this corruption in government?Dishonest individuals, patronage or the spoil systemWhat laws came about to reform government?Pendleton service Act- reduced the dishonesty factor, had to take a test for a government job, officials couldn't pressure employees into helping them get elected, Harrison passed the Mckinley Tariff Act of 1890- raised tariffs higher than ever.Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?Status Quo- Stalwarts- don't want to change anything- white, rich, males. Half-Breeds-Reformers- wanted changeGarfield- reformer-president, Arthur- Stalwart- vice president, Grant- Stalwart- let scandals happen, one of the worst presidents, Hayes-Reformer-one term president, Garfield-Reformer-shot and killed, Arthur- was a Stalwart but felt guilty that Garfield was shot so he became a Reformer and then he wasn't elected again. Cleveland- Reformer, Mckinley- Status Quo.Ch. 8.1:-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?Electric transit- subways and street cars, bridge- Brooklyn Bridge- conected Brooklyn to Manhattan, printing, aviation, photography.Ch. 8.2:-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?Primary- laws passed 12-16 weeks annuallay of school attendence, ages 8-14, started with reading, writing, arithmetic.High School- expanded ciriculums to include science, civicsRacial discrimination- African Americans were excluded from public secondary education, most went to private schools, government didn't financially support private schools.Immigrants- encouraged to go to school, they were good at memorizing.Ch. 8.3:-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?Voting restrictions, Jim Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson case, literacy tests, poll tax- a tax they had to pay in order to vote, Grandfather clause- made to make thet 15th amendement invalid. 15th amendment- let black men vote. Let all men or lineal descendents who were voters before 1867 didn't have to meet the voting requirments in existence.(education, poverty, tax).Mexicans- taking raiload jobs and worked for less.Chinese-taking jobs, worked for less, and worked longer hours.-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.Plessy- didn't give up his seat. He was 1/8 black. He was found guilty and he was put in jail. The case set up legal segregation for almost 64 years.Ch. 8.4:-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.Amusement parks- roller coasters, ferris wheels, biking, sports, theaters, shopping. 1900's first Hershey's chocolate bar was made, coca-cola was fisrt made in 1900's.Ch. 9.1-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).A period where America made a lot of progress. 1890-1920. Goals- protecting social welfare- promoting moral improvment, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency. It was ment to fix the problems in America.-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?Prohibition- The banning of alcoholic beverages. Help the morals get better. They thought that alcohol made people do bad things. Lasted 13 years. The manucature, transportation, import, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Temerance, Carrie Nation- a person who would destroy alcohol in a bar with a hatchet.-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.YMCA-opened libraries, sponsered classes and built swimming pools and handball courts, Salvation Army.-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Repealed on Dec. 5, 1933. Women wanted it because their husbands would come home and beat them because they were drunk.-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?An organized political movement in the U.S. State or Government ownership of everything, no private property, everyone is equal, founded in 1901. Eugene V. Debs.-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?Journalist who wrote in magazines about the corruption in government.-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?Environmentalism- clean air, water, cities, land, protect the country. Got rid of Political Machine, created city meetings.-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?Made assembly lines, having people work less and pay them more, brought more products and better prices.-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?More regulations, Lazzeis Fares- let the people do what they want.-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?Keating-Owen Act in 1916- it prohibited the transportatino across state lines of goods produced by children. Supreme Court banned child labor.-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?Only had to work 9 hours a day-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?Workers got 10% raise, minimum wages laws.-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?17th ammendment,19th womens vote, recall, referendum, initiative, direct primary, secret ballot.-What did the 17th Amendment do?Allows the state to vote for their own senators, 2 senators every 6 years, people decide and vote for senators.Ch. 9.2-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.started working outside the home, - worked in factories, secrateries, teachers, go to school and college-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.Black men could vote before women could. They tried to go state by state, women givin more right out west, they challenged laws, supreme court said women couldn't vote just becuase they were citizens- they had to be giving the right to vote, pushed for an amendment, and in 1920 they finally got it.-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.Carrie Nation- hatchetations, WCTU- Women's Christian Temperance Union, Susan B. Anthony and Elizibeth Katie Stanton- fought against alcohol, members of WCTU.Ch. 9.3-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.Used his personality, popularity, and power of persuation to get what he wanted, used the "bully pulpit" to influence media and help pass laws.-Breaking up TrustsTrusts- monopoly, Roosevelt was the "trustbuster", believed in good and bad trusts,-Square DealRoosevelt's election campaign was to support every American and not just the richer men. He called his campaign the square deal for how he treated everyone.-Breaking up strikes1902 Coal Strike- miners got better pay- 10% pay increase, and a 9 hour workday-Regulating railroadsElkins Act- got rid of rebates, Hepburn Act- set maximun railroad rate- Required railroads to be fair and just in their prices and practices.-Regulating food and drugsPassed the Meat Inspection Ac t in 1906, Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906-ConservationA planned managment of natural resources , involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others.-Civil RightsCh.9.4-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidencyUsed Dollar Diplomacy when dealing with outher countries, US would use the millitary and diplomacy to help promote US business intrests overseas, broke up many trusts including the Standard Oil Company in 1911, 16th Amendment passed- income tax. He wasn't energetic, not good at using the "Bully Pulpit", supported the Speraker of the House, Joe Cannon, who was anti- progressive.-Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne- lowered tariffs, Aldrich- raised tariffs-Land disputes-Breaking up trusts-Break-up of the Republican PartyDue to proplems with Taft, the Republicans split. Teddy Roosevelt didn't get the Republican nomination so he decided to run as a 3rd party candidate in the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party). Taft- conservative, Roosevelt- progressive. Roosevelt- Women's suffrage, 8 hour workday- things he wanted done.-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.Woodrow Wilson- Democrat won. Taft- Republican- conservative, Roosevelt- Progressive, Eugene V. Debs- Socialist.Ch. 9.5-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.17th, 18th, 19th Amendments were passes, led US during Mexican Crisis and WWI-Breaking up trustsPassed the Claton Anti-Trust Act- 1914- could break up monopoly, labor unions were giving the right to exist, strikes, boycotts, picketting, ect. became legal. Federal Trade Commision- established in 1914- investigated companies for monopolies practices.-Underwood Tariff-16th Amendment-Federal Reserve System12 districs, there is a regional central bank in each distric, Federal Reserve System can issue new paper money in emergency situations, "Bankers Bank". Federal Reserve Act of 1913, helped with giving our loan money.-Limits to Progressivism under WilsonDidn't help African Americans, reinstated segregation in Washington D.C. and also started segragation in the US military.
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