Chapter 10:
Key Topics:
Driving Idea: How did the US deal with the world in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
•Imperialism- where strong countries take over other smaller/weaker countries.
Why do countries colonize?
•Militarism- having a very strong military that is always prepared to use, used as a threat.
•Nationalism- strong patriotism. strong pride in your country.
•Diplomacy- how we officially deal with other countries. ex: diplomats visiting other countries.
•Spheres of influence- area that a country has a lot of influence over.
•Protectorate- where a strong country controls a bigger country and protects it.
•Arbitration- solving a dispute between parties by a person agreed to by them. they bring in a person who decides it for them. they have to agree to it.
*Alfred Mahan
*Old vs. New Diplomacy
Old Diplomacy: Beginning of our history to the late 1800s early 1900s.
1. Noninterventionist- do intervene in foreign affairs, especially europes.
2. Isolationist- keep to yourself. worked alone during foreign affairs, didn't make alliances with other countries.
3. Passive and Reactive- not agressive, react only if something affects you.
4. Weak army and navy- less likely to go to war.
New Diplomacy: began in late 1800s early 1900s.
1. Imperialistic- began taking over weaker countries in the world. -Alfed Mahan (author) Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt.
2. Stronger Army and Navy
3. Interventionist- especially in central and south america. - became more involved in other countries affairs. Monroe doctrine said that if any country was attacked that was on the doctrine the US would take it as an attack on the US and we will attack back.
4. Strong Nationalism- having strong pride and confidence in one's country.
*Main powers in the late 1800's- Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, United States, Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Japan.
US purchase of Alaska - 1867 from Russia- treaty was made. bought for 7.2 million, gained 500+ sq. miles, russia was in debt so they allowed us to buy it. people thought it was a chunk of ice- useless. people werent excited about it until gold was found. helped us with oil, fishing, hunting, tourism.
US taking of Hawaii - Hawaii was a big sugar producer. the president made a tarriff that taxed on imported sugar, people didnt like that (sugar producers) Hawaii had a queen at the time Liliuokalani. one day people tried to overthrow her. US navy went into hawaii to help take over the country. they called the president and told him they had it under control and he said he didnt want to annex it, then mckinley became president and he annexed it. and in 1959 it became the 50th state.
Spanish-American War-
-Causes - the US was interested in cuba, spain was a dwindling empire, cubans were revolting against spain frequently- wanting independence. the US felt sorry for them and felt bad for them, wanted to help. the sinking of the US battleship maine. jose marti- cuban independence leader.. thought cuba needed help to gain it, so he wanted to involve the united states, did this by destroying US property made it look like it was the spanish. the yellow press newspaper intied the general public to want war with spain and made people feel sorry for the cubans- stretched the truth. the de lome letter criticizing the president.
-battles/famous people involved - (see assgined blog)
-Results/Treaty - 385 people died from US, treaty of paris- brought an official end to the war, spain gave cuba independence(kind of), US got control of the Philippines, guam, and puerto rico.
US Control of Puerto Rico - got control from spain. became a territory.
US Control of Cuba - took control after the war and stayed in cuba for a long time, couldnt take control fully. the platte amendment was added to the cuban consititution that said the US can come into cuba and take control at any time. United States Naval base was put on their island.
US Control of Philippines - the philippines declared independence from the US, a war began between the philppines and the US, they wanted independence but we didn't want to give it to them, more people died in this war than the spanish american war. 200,000 to 1.5 million filipino civilians died. eventually gained independence
Open Door Policy in China - other countries wanted a piece of china, the united states help keep china one country. john hay created the open door policy which allowed all countries to trade with china. and it guaranteed chinese independence
Boxer Rebellion in China - china wasnt happy with all of the forgein people coming in. learned fighting skills to fight off people, named "boxers". eventually ended up taking over foreigners. formed an alliance with big powers in the world and got rid of the foreigners. china eventually paid the powers for their losses.
Teddy Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize - got it for ending the russian japaneese war, between russia and japan-japan won and shocked the world. teddy took diplomats from both countries on a presidential yacht and they signed the treaty of portsmouth. was awarded money that he gave away, then asked for it back so he could give it to charities that needed the money.
Getting control and building Panama Canal - allowed people to ship goods through central america rather than going all the way around south america. the US wanted to create a canal, and so did the french, the french started building one but they didn't do very well. then the US bought the rights to build the canal and finished it. very tought to build, not very good technology. carving through land that was volcanic soil so it would keep filling in- had to be moved, disease and money issues. columbia controlled panama at the time they gave the french the rights and we bought the rights from them but they didnt want the US down there. teddy r. sent the US navy around panama and they convinced panama to declare independence who then gave us the right to build a canal.
Roosevelt Corollary and Monroe Doctrine - monroe doctrine made it so european countries couldnt settle in the western hemisphere, and the US would fight if anyone did. roosevelt corollary- strengthened the monroe doctrine, said that the US would be the police officer between latin american and europe, the US would use force to protect interests in latin america. means that america will help solve disputes between latin america and europe without europe invading latin america.
Big Stick Diplomacy--"Speak softly and carry a big stick" - means to have a big army and navy and have people respect that. don't necessarily need to fight, just have a strong military and be intimidating.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy -used the US gov't to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by US banks and businessmen, took control of them because they owe us a lot of money. "substitution dollars for bullets"- instead of war and military control, we controlled their businesses and economy instead. kept europeans out of the latin american countries.
Wilson's Missionary Diplomacy - when the US ignored latin american gov't, this policy did not work. the US wouldnt recognize any goternment that was hostile toward the US. Mexican gov't was overthrown.
US issues with Mexico -US took over the mexican port of veracruz after Huerta arrested american sailors. war was close until argentina, brazil, and chile stepped in and settled the conflict. huerta rejected the plan but his gov't collapsed. Venustiano became president. then Poncho Villa killed dozens of US citizens because he was unhappy with Venstiano. Wilson ordered someone to go into mexico and caputre Villa. by 1917 both sides backed down. never captured Villa.
CHAPTER 9&10 TEST MONDAY-WEDNESDAY (see chapter 9 key questions below)
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals). period (1890-1920) of time where the united states flourished and progressed
protect social welfare- opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools and handball courts, also known as the YMCA. helped the poor, and people that are in need. social gospel and settlement house movement.
promoting moral improvement- florence kelly worked to improve factory conditions, there was a prohibition to outlaw the production of alcohol. fixed problems in society. domestic abuse, cheating, fighting, women believed those things were caused by alcohol.
creating economic reform- socialism became popular, took power away from the big trusts. panic of 1893- serious decline in economy due to lack of gold supply. depression. many workers began to embrace socialism.
fostering efficency.- making our country more efficient, setting up assembly lines, better pay, time management studies. henry ford paid workers $5 a day.
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition? when alcohol was made illegal to produce, women formed groups to work for prohibition so they don't get abused and to get rid of crime.
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country. YMCA, Salvation Army- getting people active and getting people educated. salvation army gives people food. jane adams started whole house in chicage which helped people as well. some people would go into poor parts of cities and teach immigrants.
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it? prohibition
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States? capitalism- system in which the gov't stays out of businesses. people own businesses. socialism- gov't controlled businesses. attracted poor people, factory workers. more equality, taking from the rich.. give to the poor.
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country? writers that exposed the filth of society. raked the filth of society. journalists. examples- upton sinclair, ida tarbell- exposed the standard oil company, lincoln steffens- exposed gov't corruption. upton helped passed the pure food and drug act, and meat inspection act.
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era? moved away from having boss tweed and political machines.. created groups of people that would make decisions. progressive govenors and mayors.
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business? assembly lines, better time management.
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer? -What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor? -What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work? child labor laws, safety regulations in the work place. ten hour work day. then eight.
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers? workman's compensation. still around today. minimum wage.
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic? took power away from the white rich male, created the secret ballot so no one knows your vote.- got rid of intimidation. direct primary/ cacus- starts in iowa, before that legislatures picture candidates, took power away from them and gave it to everyone. initiative- allows bills to be started by people and referandum- when voters accept or reject the bill. recall- allowed voters to remove public officials. & 17th amendment
-What did the 17th Amendment do? direct election of senators- means there are 2 senates per state, voted for by the people of the state, not the state legislature
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
began to work in factories, set up the traditional women's jobs. 19th amendment- women's right to vote
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
pushed for prohibition and being able to vote. susan b. anthony.
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
florence kelly, helped to stop child labor. susan b. anthony worked toward women's suffrage.
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
went to harvard, wealthy family, involvement in gov't- worked at the state level first. war hero. NYC police chief commissioner. helped the common people, great speaker, used his personality to get people to do what he wanted.
-Square Deal- 3 step plan set up by teddy roosevelt. to help the common person.
-Breaking up strikes- known as the trust buster- believed there were good and bad trusts. supported the 9 hour work day and helped miners get better pay
-Regulating railroads- regulated trade, hepburn act- required railroads to be fair.
-Regulating food and drugs- pure drug and food act, so people knew what they were consuming
-Conservation- newlands act, set aside land for national parks. didnt kill the teddy bear. set up forest reserves, 1.5 million acres of water power sites, established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks.
-Civil Rights- didn't do much for african americans because of segregation, racisim, other problems, werent worried about african americans.
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
broke up trusts, boring, didn't do much. not a good speaker. promised lower tariffs but actually raised some.
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff- one lowered, the other rose. people were mad when they were raised after he promised they would be lowered.
-Land disputes- took land that roosevelt put aside for reservations. and sold it.
-Breaking up trusts
-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited
16th amendment- federal income tax
-Break-up of the Republican Party- 1912 election. TR didnt get the republican nomination so he creates a new party- the progressive party. someone tried to kill him. the split caused a democratic victory because the repub. votes were split between taft and roos. so all of the democrats voted for wilson and he won.
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election. above.
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
clayton act added to the sherman anti trust act, broke up monoploies. labor unions were created. strikes and boycotts became legal. federal trade commission aws established in 1914 investigated businesses thought to be monopolies. still around today.
-Breaking up trusts
-Underwood Tariff- cut tarriffs for the first time since the civil war. high tarriffs allowed big business to take control because the americans were forced to buy american products. low tarriffs allowed more competition which lowered prices and helped the lower class.
-16th Amendment- income tax
-Federal Reserve System- america needed stronger banks, if there was a depression banks would close down forever because people would take all of their money out. broke the nation into 12 districts, each has a Federal reserve bank. banks that are in trouble go there to borrow money- banker's bank. could issue paper money. helped giving out loan money. controls the US money supply.
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson-brought segregation to washington DC.didn't help african americans, racist- grew up in the south. very strict upbringing.
coal mining- 90% of the US energy, 100 ft. in the earth, hardest job, progressive reforms helped the minors, many got wage increases and shorter hours, elevators were used, used drilling machines and picks, children under 14 obtained child labor laws
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