The rise of Islam
People of the desert
- The Arab nomads were called Bedouins and were organized into clans
- Provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert
- Bedouins ideals: courage, loyalty to family and warrior skills
Moving
- by the time of 600 A.D. many Arabs had chosen to settle by an oasis or in a market town
- larger towns near the western coast of Arabia became market towns for local regional and long distance trade goods
Mecca
- mecca is a holy city where Muslims pray towards
- Muslims to go visit mecca to pay homage, spiritual pilgrimage
Trade life
- after these people had moved into the larger cities the trading increased as well
- many routes by bodies of water
- traded spices, incense, perfumes, precious metals, ivory, and silk
Monotheistic they believe in one god, Allah
Muhammad
- the prophet Muhammad very influential
- he was raised by his grandfather and uncle
- little schooling
- at age of 40 became very interested in religion
Islam means " submission to the will of Allah"
Muslim means "One who has submitted"
In group of 2
- Five pillars of Islam
- sources of Authority (holy book)
- connect islam to other religions
Muhammad died.
- The Muslim community needed to make the decision on who would be their next leader
- Abu-Bakr became next caliph meaning successor.
- Not everyone welcomed new leader
- some quit Islam
- others wouldn't pay taxes
- some individual even declared themselves to be prophets
- New leader declared a jihad
- inner struggle with evil
- armed struggle against non believer
- Muslim community began to expand under Abu-Bakr
- the next three calipers after him expanded into the Sassanian and Byzantine empires
- They had been fighting each other for many years before this
- well disciplined
- great leaders
- the two empires weren't tolerant of the religions in their conquered area so their Muslims in the empires would often help the other Muslims that invade the empires
- the Qur'an does not allow for Muslims to force others to convert to this religion
- Muslims allowed the Christians and Jews to practice their religions but they couldn't spread it
- they made them pay taxes
Artwork and Architecture
- Calligraphy- means beauty and it is a type of visual art related to writing
- Arabesque- a form of artistic decoration consisting of surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and geometric figures
- most important contribution is finding algebra
- improved roman numerals
- Muslim skills in math led to advancements in other fields
- Dome of the Rock- in Jerusalem
- The rock in the center of the dome is believed by Muslims spot from which Muhammad ascended through the heavens to Allah accompanied by the angel Gabriel
- Al-Masjid al-Haram- became a famous Islamic shrine
- capacious
- feel the greatness of Allah
- location in Mecca surrounded by several hills
- place of worship
Trade
- Routes- under the abbasids
- helped spread religion
- North Africa, Middle E, Spain, west Africa, India, and China
- became silk roads
- Byzantine, Arabia, Egypt, Black sea, Persia
- Banking system
- checks that could be cashed in another contry
- currency they used fine fabrics like cotton wool linen silk
- Sakk- is a check that traders used in Middle East
- 9th century
- major currency
- Traded silk silver gold slaces ink
- marble leopards donkeys sugar dates
- molasses red copper paper cocoa nuts
- elephants tanned hides armor cinnamon and paper.
Math and Science
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
- Mathematician and astronomer
- Hindu Arabic numerals
- Algebra and algorithms
Ibn al-Hajthan
- Scientist and polymath
- contributed to the principles of optics physics astronomy mathematics scientific method
- very overconfident assumed he could regulate floods of nile
- when he was ordered to carry out his plan he realized it was impossible and retired from engineering
- placed under house arrest after that
- devoted his life to scientific work until he died
Alhazen studied the structure of the eye and correctly described the process of vision
- his book contains the oldest existing diagram illustration the eye and its connection to the central nervous system
- the parts of the eye that he labeled are still used today
- studied light refraction
al-jabr
- Arabic for the compendious book on calculation by completion and balancing
- mathematical book written in Arabic
- Muhammad wrote it
- the word algebra is derived from the term al-jabr
Al-Khwarizmi
- inventor of algebra
Astronomy
- several Islamic astronomers made observations and calculations that were more accurate
- Islamic astronomy built on sciences of two cultures Greek and Indian
- Timekeeping for prayer
Galileo Galilei- was an astronomer and created the telescope, tilt of earth axis relative to the sun
Literature
The book of one thousand and one nights
- collection of wast and south asian stored and folk tales
- many century by various authors
- known as the Arabian Nights in English
- ancient and medieval Arabic Persian Indian Egyptian and Mesopotamian folklore and literature
- King Shahryar
- Fictional Persian King
- known for executing his wives after wedding so they wouldn't cheat
- Betrayal by first wife made him think that all women couldn't be trusted
- Every night married a virgin and have her executed the next day
- Vizier's found virgins and soon there were none left
- daughter offered to be next
- Original tales were framed as stories told by the daughter every night to save her life
- She would begin to tell the king a tale but she would not end it
- he would be curious to hear the ending so her execution would be postponed
- she would finish the tale the next night but would start a new one so the king was forced to keep postponing her execution
- this went on for 1001 nights
- Genres
- historical
- love
- tragedies
- comedies
- poems
- fairy tales
- murder mystery
- suspense thriller
- horror fction
- crime fiction
- fantasy and science fiction
- Morals
- be careful what you wish for
- discretion when involving yourself in business that is not yours
- power of women
- power to destroy
- fidelity
Shahnameh
- long poem
- 60 000 verses
- tells about the mythical and historical past of Iran from the creation of the world until the Islamic conquest of Persia
- regarded as a literary masterpiece
Religion
- Youngest religion, became a religion in 622
- formed largely by an illiterate nomadic culture
- Arabian peninsula was the birthplace of the religion
- Abbasid Caliphates rule in most of Middle East
- Global Muslim population was at 4 percent of total population
Mahmud of Ghazni
- died
- the first crusaders captured Jerusalem
- by the end of the 11th century Muslim population spread 5 percent throughout world
Islam spread throughout Africa.
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