Friday February 3rd

[6Logan]

Ch. 15 Test Topics

• Describe the cycle of the Great Depression? People kept losing there jobs and things just kept getting worse and worse and worse.

What was the New Deal (1st and 2nd) and its goals (3 R's)?

• 1st-Roosevelt response to the depression. Dealt with banks railroads, and farming industry. The Brain Trust was a group that came up with the New Deal.
• 2nd- Wagner act promoted labor unions,
• Differences- 1st (top down) more to get out of depression 1933-34. 2nd (bottom up) was to stay out of depression 1935-36.

3r's-Relief, reform, recovery

• Relief- Immediate action taken to stop the economy crashing.
• Recover temporary programs to restart eh flow of consumer demand.
• Reform, programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters

Why did people criticize the New Deal?

• It failed to end the Great Depression, FDR allowed budget deficits and deficit spending increased. There was too much government regulation. He removed the gold standard; many people disagreed with his social welfare programs. Many believed the New Deal failed, but the start of WWII industrialized the US economy and gave a false impression.

Why FDR upset with the US Supreme Court was and what did he do to try to solve this issue?

• The Supreme Court thought many of the large organizations of the New Deal were unconstitutional. FDR proposed adding six more judges to expand the Supreme Court. All of the new judges would be in favor of the New Deal. Opposition of additional judges in Congress came from both parties. Even though the number of judges remained at nine, over the next four years seven judges resigned and Roosevelt appointed new judges.

 How did the New Deal help?

• Consumers

1. FD&C- Food coloring or any chemicals had to be checked, a food aditive requires a premarket approval by the FDA< unless it is generally safe. Bottled water is regulated by the FDA as a food. The act defines cosmetics as products for cleansing or beautifying.

• unemployment-

1. CWA was unskilled manual labor such as building buildings bridges and playgrounds. BY the time the CWA had built 12 million feet of sewer pipe. It ended on March 31^st, 1934.
2. WPA or Works Progress Administration was established in 1935 built public building and roads, operated arts, drama, media and literacy projects.It closed on June 30^th 1943 do to low employment. It is considered succesful because the original budget was 1.4 billion, provided jobs and spend 13.4 billion dollars .
3. FERA- Gives emergenc relief jobs, started the welfare system.
4. PWA- Public Works Administration created construction jobs.
5. TVA- Americans began to support the idea of the government owning the utilities in the 1920's. Most people thought privately owned power companies charged too much for power. Most of the private companies in the Tennessee Valley were bought by the Federal Government. Economic Livertarians believed the government shouldn't have anything to do with the electricity generation business. it provides electric power to over nine million customers,it acts primarily as an electric power wholesaler. The power comes from dams, coals, nuclear power plants.

• farmers-

1. Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933: It was a United States Federal Law of the New Deal era which restricted agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill of excess livestock. It reduced the crop surplus, raised value of crops, it also created a new agency to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. it is considered the first modern US farm bills. It was ruled unconstitutional.
2. Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. was legislation in the United States that was enacted as an alternative and replacement for the farm subsidy policies, in previous New Deal farm legislation that had been found unconstitutional. It made price support mandatory corn, and wheat, and cotton. 
3. Soil Conservation and Domestication act of 1936, which was a US Federal law that allowed the government to pay farmers to decrease production so as to conserve soil, prevent erosion, and achieve other minor goals. It corrected problems from the previous act, gave directive to conserve the soil in the high plains, educated farmers on how to use lands without damaging them, took immediate action to contain the dust bowls effects.
4. FSA: was formed to help poor rural Americans become more self sufficient during the depression. It created farm loans, rural rehabilitation, homestead programs. Farms loan were given to farmers because the couldn't get loans from any other place because they have bad credit.
5. REA: Nearly 90 percent of urban people had electricity by the 1930s but only 10 percent of rural people did, private utility companies claimed it was too expensive to stretch electric line to rural areas, they even believed most farmers were too poor to afford electricity, Roosevelt believed that if private utility companies could not supple electricity to rural areas, then it was up to the government to do so, court cases involving TVA in the 1930's concerned the governments involvement was to great.Farmers needed more electricity than city people so that made up for he cost of stretching electric lines to the rural areas.

• Stock Market—

1. The Federal Security Act. The primary purpose was to ensure that buyers of securities receive complete and accurate information before they invest.

• factory wrokers/labor-

1. NRA- The main goal was to bring industry, labor and government together to make rules and set price, created by the NIRA. It reduced destructive competition. It also set minimum wages and weekly work hours or 40 hpw. It affected over 22 million workers in the US. It abolished child labor. Trade unions could organize exercise the right of collecttive bargaining.
2. National Labor Relations Act: A federal law that limits how employees can read to labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and participate in strikes. It encourages collective bargaining, protects groups of employees, and gives employees the rights to bargain with their employers. It also prohibits discriminating employees who file charges or support a labor union.
3. Fair Labor Standards Act- Established a national minimum wage, time and a half for overtime, and prohibited a lot of minor working.Limits the hours in a day or week for anyone under 16 years old.

• young people-

1. CCC: Civilian Conservation Corporation was a public work relief program for unemployed men from relief families aging from 18-25. It provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal,, state and local governments. The CCC is performed supplied a possible of 300 jobs. Structural improvements such as bridges and buildings, transportation, erosion control, flood control, forest culture, forest protection, landscape and recreation, range elimination of predatory animals. The CCC was known to be one of the most successful programs in the New Deal. It provided financial relief, provided conservation projects, many families were grateful for the CCC. WWII ended the CCC in 1942.
2. NYA: was the national youth administration and was established in 1935. Transferred in 1939 to the Federal Security Agency, in 192 was put underthe was Manpower Commisiion. It provided work training based on citizenship and financial need for youth between ages 16 and 25. It offered courses in reading, writing, and arithmetic. It operated 2 programs. It was succesful for a little bit because it lessened the unemployment rate. All work not contributed to war ceased in 1943.

• banks/business-

1. The RFC: during the first few months of the establishment of the RFS< many loans were given out to banks. This soon aroused for in July of 1932 for all banks receiving loans from the RFC to report it to Congress. The publication of the loaning for the RFC reduced the effectiveness of lending to banks. Bankers became reluctant to borrow money from the RFC in fear that depositors would panic in fear that their bank was failing. Despite the initial success, the RFC never had its intended impact. Considering the law required full transparency the amounts of loans and the names of the companies were made public. The RFC also had a division where it gave states loans in emergency if needed. After senate investigation, political favoritism, the RFC was abolished as an independent agency the act of Congress in 1953. It ended up being totally disbanded in 1957.
2. EBRA (Emergency Banking Relief Act: It was the first act passed in Roosevelts New Deal, and was established in 1933. It allowed the president to take over non financially stable banks and direct the Federal reserve to make unsecure loans to them and reopen when he wants. It allowed banks to stay open and do business as normal, banks would have shut down, could loan money to customers who normally would have been denied loans. It made lower income people happy, be able to receive loans, banks were still running and not shut down.
3. FDIC: The FDIC guarantees the safety of deposits in memeber banks, up to 250,000 per depositor per bank.
4. Banking Act of 1935: It establised the FDIC as a temporar corporation. Permitted the FDIC authority to profide deposit insurance to banks, gave the FDIC the authority to regulate nd supervised state non-member banks. It funded the FDIC with initial loans of 289 million dollars through the US treasury and reserve. it also extended oversight to all commercial banks for the first time. It separated commercial and inverstment banking, prohibited banks from paying interest on checking accounts, allwed by state law.

• Glass-Steagall Act--Prohibits banks from engaging in the investment business -started because of all the bank failures. It Created the FDIC. Helped public believe in banks again. Not around anymore.
• home owners--

1. Home Owners' Loan Corporation. The home Owners Loan Act was passed in 1933 and was created to assist in the refinancing of homes.It helped people by buying up mortgages from banks. It refinance them up to 80 percent of assessed value at a lower interest rate. Extended loans from shorter to longer terms so homeowners would be able to make payments.
2. FHA: Was created under US-HA. It insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The FHA goals of his organization are to improve housing standard and conditions.
3. USHA: Agency was created in 1937 and it was designed to lend money to the states or communities for low cost construction. This housing Act of 937 was strongly influenced by Catherine Bauer.

• elderly--Social security administration-Still around today. it was successful, but now its kind of struggling. There is more people taking out of it than taking in. eventually there will be more retired workers than .
• Native Americans- Was also knows as the Wheeler-Howard Act. It secured the new rights of Native Americans by giving them the right to manage their land and resources. It helped them get a good economic foundation. Replaced the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act authorized the President of the US to survey tribal land and divides it up for individual Indians. The act was named for its sponsor Henry L Dawes, the senator of Massachusetts. It ended their way of holding property which was everyone had a home and a place in the tribe. The head of the household would receive a grant of 160 acres. Indians under the age of 18 would receive 40 acres. The Indian Reorganization act the Indians could govern them they didn't have the same laws as the US. Their court is almost like ours but penalties. The Indians were given their own land and could split it up how they wanted.

Describe the culture of the 1930's.

• People started to fall in love with sports even more than in the 1920s. Famous boxers and football player. Music and entertainment also became a big part for people to get away from the tough times

Key terms:

• Hundred Days- It was FDR's plan to do everything he could within the first 100 days of his terms. It made series of social, economic, and job creating bills, 15 major bills passed in first 100 days.
• Fireside chats-series of radio broadcasts from the president. First one 1929. People would send letters telling him what they wanting him to talk about.
• priming the pump- getting money put into the economy to get it going again
• Deficit spending- spending money that someone or something has more than what they had.

Then we did blog discussion

Francis Perkings: Was the first female cabinet member. I presented my blog discussion. Joe Louis was the first black boxer.