WW1 KEY QUESTIONS1. What were the causes of WWI in Europe?Militarism (countries internationally were growing their armies) - wanted to protect empires and colonies. Further national pride. Tried to out-do each other...weapons, amount of men, etc. By 1914 most allied nations had strong, well-built military. Germany attempted to build a more stronger navy than Great Britain. This caused Great Britain to ally itself with Russia and France.Imperialism (when a strong country tries to take over a weaker country)-European countries wanted part of Asia and most of Africa. Competition for land increased and desires for greater empires increased. Disagreements pushed for war. The want for colonies made rivalries stronger, introducing more conflicts.Nationalism-Austria-Hungary= one main focal point of nationalistic tendencies. Almost 40 nationalities...important ones were Czechs, Slovakians, Poles, and Slavs. This caused resentment to other nationalities. Resentment made nationalities want to break away from the Empire. Russia was a Slavic nation. Encouraged Slavs to break away from Austria-Hungarian Empire a few times.The Assassination of Archduke Franz FernandadThis caused the war to break out. Born in Graz, Austria in 1863. Wasn't popular. Was in the capital of Austria, Serajevo. Invited to inspect army manuevers. Serbian group known as the Blacks Hands killed him on June 28 1914 while there. Though he wasn't well liked, this was an excuse for Austria to go to war with Serbia.2. What were the major alliances of WWI?Triple Entente eventually turned into the allied powers of WW1. Great Britain, France, RussiaGreat Britain and France made peace, and GB made allies with France. GB made settling agreements with Russia.Allied powers (Entente Powers) - Japan, United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Czechloslovakia legions, Romania, Greece, Montenegro, Belgium and SerbiaCentral powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire(Turkey) and the Kingdom of Bulgaria3. What were the goals of WWI for all the major countries involved?USA goals: 1. Make WW1 the very last wars 2. USA wanted to peacefully end the war 3. USA wanted to stop unrestricted warfare by the Germans 4. Woodrow Wilson- "We want to make the world safe for democracy"Germany's goals: 1. wanted Great Britain's territories in Africa. 2. Isolate FranceAustro-Hungarian goals: 1. Control Serbia 2. Control the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 3. Defend the border between Italy and Austria-HungaryFrench goals: 1. Avenge previous Military defeats 2. Cripple German Industrial Capacity 3. Become the Dominate Continental PowerGreat Britain's goals: 1. Maintain Superpower Status, as #1 Nation in the world 2. Abate the German Threat 3. Protect France and BelgiumItaly's goals: 1. Take over Germany's Colonies in Africa 2. Divert Attention from Domestic IssuesRussia's goals: 1. Eliminate Germany 2. Gain control of the Bosphorus4. What were some of the major land battles prior to US involvement-1914-March, 1917?Battle of Guise: launched by French General Charles Lanrezac's Fifth Army. French vs Germany. Took place on 8/29/1914. Won by Germany.The Battle of Cambrai, 1917: Uk (Great Britain) vs Germany. It was a tie.First Battle of Champagne. 1914: French vs Germany. Indecisive battle. (tie)Battle of Mulhouse, 1914: French vs Germany. France lost, Germany won.Battle of Verdun: Germany vs French. Britain was the Germans biggest competition and France was Britains greatest ally. Fought at Verdun because they believed these forts had sentimental value to the French. They wanted to "bleed France white". Battle of Verdun was one of the longest battles in WW1 (10 months). The French were victorious in the battle of verdun.Battle of the Liege: 1st battle of WW1. Belgium vs Germany. Commanded by Karl Von Bulow the Liege in Belgium. Germany's second army of 320,000 men. Why? To get to France. Belgiums still controlled by the end of the day. On August 15, Germany won the battle and contined to France.Battle of the Somme: It was a plan by the British to inflict heavy losses to the German Army. To help out the French at Verdun. It started with a week long artillery bombardment at the Germans. 1,738,000 shells were fired at Germans. British and French vs Germany. So many died because the theory of attrition-you would eventually grind down your enemy and that they would have to yield. The inexperienced volunteer armies, mostly on the Germany side. The British and the French won in the Battle of Somme. The British and the French had advanced a thirty-mile strip that was seven miles deep at the most.Battle of Ypres: Great Britain, French, Belgium vs Germany. Fought at Ypres due to the strategic positions. To the north of ypres, canals and rivers links ypres to the ocean. all major roads converged at Ypres. Gives height advantages to whoever controlled it. Fighting was fierce and neither side could claim Ypres. weather made fighting difficult. Germans attacked with deadly chlorine gas. Canadians used hankerchiefs soaked in water to protect themselves. Total deaths on both sides was 1,700,000. The allies won when the Americans joined in 1917.5. What were some of the major naval battles of WWI?The north sea: main body of naval war. Britain tried blocking Germany off from overseas trade and resources.The First Battle of Heligoland Bight. UK vs Germany. First naval battle of WW1. Strengths of UK-5 battle cruisers, 8 light cruisers, 33 destroyers and 8 submarines. Germany strengths-6 light cruisers, 19 torpedo boats, 12 mine sweeps and 16 destroyers. British Victory. Due to the German losses, the Wilham Kaiser orders the fleets to request permission before engaging in battle.The Battle of Coronel: UK vs Germany. German Victory. The UK commander Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock was killed.The Battle of the Falkland Islands: Britain vs Germany. British Victory. German commerce raiding on the high seas came to the end.6. What were the US reactions to WWI starting in 1914?Neutrality. Being impartial in thought and in action.7. What were the causes for US involvement in WWI?Germans destroying U-boats (Lusitania), American business8. What were the major land battles for the US in WWI?Battle of Cantigny(May28-30, 1918)-US(W) & France(W) vs Germany(L),3rd Battle of Aisne(May 27- June 6, 1918)- France(L) & Britain(L) & US(L) vs Germany(W)Battle of Belleau Wood- (June 1-26, 1918) Belleau Wood near Paris, France. France, British Empire, US and Germany. Allies won. We took Belleau wood a total of six times before Germans were finally expelled.Battle of Le Hamel- (July 4, 1918) Hamel, France. Australia, US, Brtain and German Empire. Germany was the enemy. Allies won.Second Battle of Marne- (July 15-August 1918) France, Britain, US, Italy, and German Empire. Allies won.Hundred Days Offensive- (August 8-November 11, 1918. France, British Empire, Britain, Austria, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, US, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany empire and Austria Hungary were the enemy. The Allies won and collapsed the German Empire.9. What were the major military strategies for winning the war for both Allied and Central Powers?The Schlieffen Plan (Germany)-The main idea of the plan was to win a two-front war by first quickly defeating France in the west, and then turn east to fight Russia. The plan scheduled 39 days for the fall of Paris and 42 for the capitulation of France. They must do this before the Russian Steamroller would be able to mobilize and descend upon East Prussia, so they had time to turn around. The schlieffen ended up failing because Germany's right flank of German soldiers advanced too quickly leaving the supplied too far behind. They were also slowed down by the British because the British had promised to keep Belgium neutral and safe. One of the major drawbacks of the plan was that it called for the invasion of neutral states in order to pass German troops to France.Plan 17 (France)-French/Battle of the frontiers. this plan was a plan of concentration and it didn't include a fixed military strategy. Plan 17 was that they falied to accomplish the Battle of Charleroi. Plan 17 succeeded but the French was more defending their country rather than going out and fighting others.Plan G (Russia)-Russia had put together two different plans for WW1 which were Plan G, and Plan A. Plan G was made in case Germany would do an all out attack against Russia, which was the exact opposite of what actually happened.Plan 19Russia's French partners wanted them to have more of an offensive war strategy. ended up failing because Germany defeated Russia at Tannenberg, and the first and second battles of Masurian Lakes.American Expeditionary Forces- US didn't really have a plan.Plan B-outlined the requirement for 6 Austro-Hungarian armies in the field, 3 were going to invade Serbia, while the other 3 guarded the Russian border to persuade an attack from that quarter.10. What were some of the weapons of WWI?Rifle-most widely used, 1,400 meters was average range and could be operated by one soldier, disadv: accuracy was only 600 meters and had to take time to refill it.Machine gun-Adv: kill many people at once, long ranges, other countries had to make new fighting strategies. Disadv: ammunition was heavy, gun itself was bigger and heavier innacurate compared to rifle, often got overheated and took 2-3 people to move and fire. french-worst & Germans-bestgas-Adv: could kill many people at once Disadv: gas masks, had to carry around, ran out fast. gas was first used by the French.Bayonets- (spear at the end of a gun) Adv: new bayonets were produced enabling soldiers to shoot with bayonet still in place, defensive weapon, used with close contact fighting, used for food. Disadv: not everyone was well trained with the bayonett and risk of getting shot.Zeppelin-Air ship (blimp), rigid so it could be bigger and powerful engines. Made from metal, gasbags with helium, carried weapons, abandoned quickly.tank- used for the first time in WW1, needed 3 people. maximum speed was 3 mph! couldn't cross trenches and new tanks were made toward the end of the war.planes- Adv: weapons could be delivered fast to the soldiers, spied on other people. Disadv: could be shot down and "dogfights" (fighter planes)torpedoes-used by submarines, germans used them, used to blow up ships from America-Britain.grenades-Adv: killed people in large amounts, could be thrown into an exact location. Disadv: Tiring to carry around and ran out quickly.11. Describe trench warfare.-warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed-wire entanglement. (combat in which each side has a system of protective trenches.) problems: Rats, smell of rotting bodies, trench fever caused by lice, death, trench foot, frogs12. Describe what happened on the US Home Front in WWI.13. Describe Wilson's 14 Points.14. Describe the points of the Treaty of Versailles.15. Why did the US never pass the Treaty of Versailles?16. Why did the Allied Powers win WWI?17. Describe the impact WWI had on the world.18. How did countries react to the Treaty of Versailles?
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