Today we started WWII part 2 powerpoint 3! We also walked into the room when the annoying Friday song was playing. :| Mr. Bruns also told us that guys don't carry around lotion.
US Homefront:
-Homefront is what you're doing at your home (usually means making stuff but there is more as well)
1. Selective Training and Service Act
-1940
-First peacetime draft in US history (passed before we were in war)
-Used until 1973 to fill military needs, and afterward the military depended on volunteers to fill needs
2. Women's role in WWII
-Rosie the Riveter represented women workers in WWII
-Many women got better educations and did more work outside the home
-Helped the women out with achieving equal rights
-Women started working in the factories
-Helped us win because without them things wouldn't have gotten made and we wouldn't have had more things to help us
-Many women worked as military nurses
-Women are the ones who had to type up the letters that said if you son/husband died in the war
-Worked on farms, waitresses, messengers, do laundry, teachers, conductors, etc.
-Every branch in the military had their own women division
-Womens Army Core (WAC) did things like typing, transporting, developing pictures, and other desk-like jobs
-Started rationing goods (so much gas/food per week)
-Growing and canning their own food
-WAVES - Women's Navy
-Transport planes, test out new airplanes
-"Tokyo Rose"/Iva Toguri was an American citizen in Japan that said she was forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan (try to take away their will to fight/make them homesick). She was convicted of treason
3. African-American's role in WWII
-Blacks and whites were segragated (same with all races)
-Worked in factories, but many men went to war and even achieved awards from it
-Tuskegee Institute - Airmen trained to bomb and be piolits
4. Asian's role in WWII
-Japanese Americans were forced to sell their homes and move to camps
5. Hollywood's role in WWII
-They entertained troops by making propaganda films and tried to get people to buy war bonds
-Sent people oversead to entertain troops
-Cary Grant was one of the more popular actors at the time
-Bob Hope was a comedian/actor/singer
-USO Tour was designed to entertain the troops, and Bob Hope was a part of it (had singers/actors/dancers/comedians)
-Kilroy Was Here was believed to have started during WWII by JJ Kilroy. He worked on the docks and started writing "Kilroy Was Here" on the ships. It caught on so everyone started doing it
6. Office of Price Administration
-Office of Price Administration was set up in 1941 to administer price controls and rationing goods
-Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon
-Gas became rationecd in May 1942 on the East coast and was limited to 5 gallons per week
-Half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, common person, allowing 4 gallons per week. B stickers were supplementary allowance for war workers, and C stickers were vital occupations such as doctor. Truckers had T stickers for unlimited amounts.
-Many fake stickers were made, and 32,000 people were arrested for it
-Once your stamps were gone for the week, you had to wait because you could only get so much
-There were many laws with ration books. If you die, someone has to return your book to the ration board
-You had to wait in long lines to get things
-Horse meat was not rationed, so you could get as much as you wanted
7. War Production Board
-All about production and was aimed to make sure factories could make as much as they could, as effeciently and quickly as they could
8. National War Labor Board
-It brought all the workers together
-The governemnt didn't want them to go on strike so they decided everyone needed to work together
9. Why the Homefront helped win the war
10. How US/Allies fought back against U-boats
-U-boat/submarine
-Battle of the Atlantic was mostly about controling the seas and shipping lines and trying to prevent stuff from getting to Great Britain
-Germany went under the water to have success at the high seas because United States and Great Britain had control of the top of the seas
-By intercepting German radio transmissions (code) you could figure out where the u-boats were located and avoid them
-Convoy system (power in numbers) you would go in a group and be surrounded by battleships and destroyers
-U-boats could get a few ships but most would go through
-HF/DF was used to locate the source of submarines
-Hunter/Killer ships and airplanes that were specifically designed to go after u-boats
-Depth Charges were bombs that would sink a submarine and cause an underwater explosion
11. Intelligence gathering--Ultra/Magic
-Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intercepting code, and would share with eachother
-ULTRA (British) and MAGIC (United States against Japan) were the code names for the intercepting and decepting of diplimatic and military codes
-Once we knew were U-boats were located we would take a different route
-Enigma was the machine that Germany used to transfer their information through codes
-Eventually intercepted Enigma codes
12. Operation Barborossa(USSR vs Germany)
-Hitler invaded the Soviet Union because of Lebensraum and wanted the Ikraine for farmland
-Many German Military generals said not to do it, but Hitler thought otherwise
-He despised the people living in the Soviet Union because he didn't like Slavs
-He could use the people as slave labor and defeating the USSR would further isolate te Allies
-Hitler didn't trust Stalin and Germany propaganda showed that Russia was planning on attacking Germany
-Wanted the oilfields in the Caucasus mountains
-The Soviet Union was his true prize because it's what he wanted more than anything
-Greatest land war in recorded history (manpower and caualties) began at 3:30am on June 22, 1941
-Main front would eventually expand to 1490 miles and depth of 600 miles
-3,500,000 Red Army soldiers were in captivity and 4,000,000 died in battle
-Germans occupied 900,000 square miles of Soviet territory at one time
-Germany Army in USSR was split
-Army Group North whose main goal was Leningrad
-Army Group Centre whose main goal was Moscow
-Army Group South whose main goals were Rostov, the Caucasus Mountains, the Crimean Peninsula, and Stalingrad
-Soviets started to slowly push the Germans back about a year and a half after Germany invaded them
-Battle of Moscow: October 1941-January 1942
-Moscow was what Hitler really wanted
-Hitler believed Moscow was the major military and political target in the USSR as it would lead to the collapse of the country
-Germany got within 12 miles of Moscow before Soviet troops stopped the advance of the Germans
-This battle marked a major turning point on the Eastern Front
-Hitler was upset so he fired his commander-in-chief in December 1941 and tookk personal charge of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
-Hitler took control and made all military decisions afterward
-Led many experiences German officers to go against Hitler, and Hitler decided to surround himself with young officers with little experience so they would listen to everything he said
-The Siege of Leningrad started on September 8, 1941 when the last land connection to the city was cut off by Germany
-Largest in history (lasted for 872 days, until January 27, 1944)
-Reports of cannibalism appeared in the winter of 1941-1942 after all the animals had been eaten by survivors (birds/rats/pets)
-A successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad drained necessary resources the Germans needed to continue the blockade, and it eventually failed
-The Germans never took any of the three major Soviet cities
13. Battle in Africa and Italy
-Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) was the hed German in Africa
-Bernard Montgomery-Monty and George Patton didn't like each other and had a competition going to see who could beat Rommel first
-George Patton defeated Rommel and goes down in history as a great US General
-Operation Torch was the code name for the British-American invasion of French North Africa on November 8, 1942 (invaded Maracco)
-My mid 1943 we defeated the Germans, Italians and Vichy France
-Stalin wasn't happy because he thought we should invade France instead of Africa
-Fighting in the desert with tanks was huge in Northern Africa (Tank Warfare)
-Casablanca Conference (January 1942) 'we will not make peace, we will only accept Germany's unconditional surrender'
-FDR and Churchill
-After Africa we turned our attetion to the Mediteranian Islands
-Italy was a major part of the war for the American soldiers
-Italy was the "soft underbelly of Europe" according to Churchill and thought we should attack them
-Once Italy surrendered they became allies of ours
-We weren't quite ready to attack France so we attacked Italy
-Italy with Musolini's troops wasn't very strong
14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley
-George C. Marshall was the Chief of Staff of the US Military during WWII
-Admiral Chester Nimitz was the head of the US Navy against Japan in WWII
-Navy played a vital role in winning against Japan
15. D-Day-Operation Overlord
-June 6, 1944
-Day Day
-Suppose to happen on June 5 but postponed it because of bad weather
-June 6 was the last of the full moon days so they had to do it so they would have moonlight
-Allied invasion of Nazi controlled France
-Operation Overload
-1.Airborne assult landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian, and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight
-2.Amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored invasion on the coast of France starting at 6:30am
-There wasd also decoy operations to distract the German forces from the real landing areas
-10,000 American casualties
-The Atlantic Wall was a system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the western coast of Europe to be a defense against the anticipated Allied invasion
-There are graves all over France of people who died in D-Day
16. Battle of the Bulge
-Last major offensive by the Germans
-Felt if they got to the sea they could split Allied forces up and get back to France
-We eventually stopped them and pushed them back
-Over a million men were involved in the battle
-The Malmedy Massacre, where 86 American soldiers were murdered, was the worst atrocity committed against American troops during the course fo the war in Europe
-Worst battle in term of losses to the American forces in WWII
-Hitler and his wife Eva Braun comitted suicide the same day
17. FDR Dies-Truman takes over
-FRD died on April 8, 1945
-Truman was sworn in
18. VE Day
-May 8, 1945
-Victory in Europe day
-War was over in Europe (but not Japan)
-Nazis gave up
-People were excited
19. Battle in the Pacific-Island Hopping, Philippines, Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa.
*-Island Hopping is a military strategy in the South Pacific. The idea was to hit more important islands, skip a couple, hit another one, etc. until you get to Japan.
-The smaller islands inbetween would eventually surrender because they're surrounded and can't get supplies.
-Island Hopping saves money, time, supplies, and live.
-Philippines were hit on December 7, 1941 (day of Pearl Harbor)
-American controlled island since 1898 when we defeated Spain
-May of 1942 when we surrendered in the Philippines and Japan took them
-Australia was the base of US forces during the time for the area
-General Douglas MacArthur was a famous general in the Philippines and later Korea
-Filipinos would bomb bridges to try and stop the Japanese advance
-Bataan Death March was a massacre of Americans and Filipinos in May 1942
-Forced to walk 60 miles from POW camp to another POW camp in Bataan (in the Philippines; 75,000 of them)
-Characterized by physical abuse and murder
-Perhaps close to 20,000 men died
-Because of this Japanese officials faced war crime trials after the war. They officially apologized to the United States on May 30, 2009
*-Battle of Coral Sea was May 4-8, 1942
- Major naval battle between Japanese Navy and Allied navil and air forces from the United States and Australia
-Coral Sea is located near Australia
-First action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other (but neither ships never actually saw eachoter, the airplanes were fighting. First naval battle of its kind)
-Japan sank more ships, but the Allies stopped the Japanese from advancing for the first time
*-Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle against Japan
-June 4-7, 1942
-Japanese aimed to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific and believed a victory at Midway Island would do so
-United States Navy defeated Japanese Navy
-Japan's Navy suffered heavy losses and never recovered from the battle (they were never the same)
-Magic played a big role in the Allied victory
-Midway was the major turning point
*-Guadalcanal was fought between August 7, 1942 and February 9, 1943 in the Solomon Island Archipelago
-Most was done in Fall 1942
-First time we went on the offensive and defeated Japan
-Begining of the end for Japan
-Kamikazes were Japanese suicide bombers. Didn't do this at first but started to when they started losing
*-Battle of Leyte Gulf was in October 1944 in the Philippines
-We were trying to take the Philippines after losing it to Japan earlier
-After this battle Japan didn't really have much of a Navy left
-MacArthur returned to the Philippines in September 1944
*-Iwo Jima is still a Japanese island today
-6,821 Americn deaths happened at Iwo Jima
-We lost more American lives at Iwo Jima then on D-Day
-There were two flag raising, first on February 23, 1985
-They raised the second flag on Mr. Suribachi because they felt the first flag was not large enough
*-Okinawa; we were bombing Japan a lot once we got to Okinawa which was extremely close to Japan
20. Navajo Code Talkers
-Transmitted our messages over airways in Navajo language (not many non-natives knew the language)
-Kept our information secret
-Code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968
-August 14, 1982 started "Navajo Code Talkers Day"
-Gold medals were presented to the familites of 24 code talkers no longer living, and the 4 that were still alive
21. Doolittle's Raid
-James Doolittle; famous pilot
-April 1942
-Roosevelt ordered the attack even though it wouldn't make any headway in the war, it would just show a moral boost
-Went to attack Japan
-Led to the Battle of Midway
-Bombers were stripped down (things taken out) as much as they could, even taking out machine guns, to take off from ships
-Many of the bombers eventually landed in China
-Forced Japan to be a little more agressive, but other than that did nothing militarilly
22. Manhattan Project
-The code name for the development of the atomic bomb
-General Leslie Groves was in charge of scientists but actually wanted to be in battle like other generals
-He finally realized how important it was when they were testing with it
-J Robert Oppenheimer was the scientist in charge of the atomic bombs
-He was a Communist
-We tested the atomic bomb in Alamogordo, New Mexico (a desilite area)
-Trinity was the code name for the first official explosion of an atomic device in world history
-Enola Gay was the plane that was specifically designed to carry and drop the atomic bomb
-Paul Tibbits named the plane after his mother, and he was the one to drop the bomb on Hiroshima
23. Hiroshima bombing
-"Little Boy" was the uranium bomb used in the Hiroshima bombing
-Farther away from the blast, stoves would tip over and cause fires
-Closer to the blast everything was destroyed and everything desinigrated
-Farther away people had to deal with radiation sickness and fires
-Weren't sure what city they were going to hit as they were flying, but had a list of cities and were told only to release the bomb if they could clearly see their target
-Some things remained but were badly damaged
-The Atomic Shaddow was said that outline of the shaddows of things and people were burnt into the ground before they desinigrated
24. Nagasaki bombing
-Japan still refused to surrender after Hiroshima bombing
-"Fat Man" was the name of the bomb used in Nagasaki, and was more powerful than "Little Boy"
-Bockscar was the plane used in the Nagasaki bombing
-The plane almost ran out of gas, the bomb was more powerful but didn't do as much damage, and they missed their target
-Japanese tried to shoot the plane down, but didn't know what kind of bomb it was carrying because we had also been bombing them with convential bombs. Needless to say, they found out
25. VJ Day
Victory in Japan Day: August 14, 1945
-Japan surrendered, which ended WWII
-Emperior Hurihito got on the radio, first time ever, and surrendered
26. Yalta Conference
-Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin got together In February 1945
-The fate of post-war Europe was decided at the conference
-A few months later Roosevelt died
-Yalta Conference Compromise:
-Germany would be broken into four occupation zones (US, GB, France, USSR) (later split into two parts until 1991)
-Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe (lie, Stalin took over Eastern Europe and for a while they were Communist)
-Stalin promised to join the war against Japan after war with Germany was over (he did the day after the war with Germany was over)
-Have a conference at San Francisco to set up the United Nations
27. Nuremburg Trials
-Nazi war crime trials after the war in Nuremburg, Germany
-Herman Goering was the leader of the Luftwafa and became leader of Germany after Hitler commited suicide. He committed suicide during the Nuremburg Trials
-Without internet it was much easier to take over the media and dictate the country
28. Japanese Internment Camps in US
-Places the Japanese were forced to move to after WWII (the ones that lived in the United States)
-We didn't trust them because for all we knew they could be spies
-They had to sell everything and move to these camps in decolite and desert areas
-They went to school and had entertainment and sports
-Men and Women had jobs as well
-They weren't beaten or killed
-October 1, 1993 is when President Clinton officially apologized to them
29. Why did we win WWII?
-Henry Kaiser had many ships made
-By the end of the war we were making more stuff in a year than all the countries combined
-Lots of credit go to the people who made and decifered systems like Ultra and Magic
-We knew what the enemy was doing, and they didn't know what we were doing
-GI Bill of Rights was designed to help members of the armed forces to get adjusted to normal everyday life when they came back from war. Helped them get jobs, go to college, etc.
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