Hinduism
A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice
Native to India
Belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures
Brahma- The Hindu creator god. He was the senior member of the tired of great gods. He felt alone and separated from the world. Split him and created the god Shatapura.
Vishnu- The Hindu preserver and protection god. He is often represented resting on the coiled serpent Shesha. Never sleeps. When the forces of good and evil are not balanced, Vishnu will incarnate himself as a human to set the forces equal.
Shiva- The Hindu destroyer of the world god. He is also called the Lord of the dance. Shiva often has a 3rd eye, cobra necklace, vibhuti, and a trident. He is sometimes represented as half man and half woman. He is known to have a wild passion, which causes extreme behavior and his relationship with his wife. Paryati brings him balance.
Military conquest
Maurya Empire- it was founded after the death of Alexander the Great. The first three emperors were Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara Mauya, and Ashoka Maurya.
They had 9000 elephants, 8000 chariots, 30000 cavalry, 750000 soldiers, war elephants had swords on their trunks.
Chandra Gupta was dying and he told his son to rule the world. His son went on a extreme military campaign. He conquered Bengal, Nepal, Assam, Malava, and eventually Ujjayini.
Gupta Empire
They had 500000 infantry, 50000 cavalry, 20000 charioteers, 10000 elephants, Navy with more than 1200 ships. At its height they had more than ¾ million soldiers.
Buddhism
Stupas- mound-like structure. Typically the ashes of deceased. It is used by Buddists as a place of meditation. There are five types of stupas: relic-remains of Buddhist leaders, object- objects that belonged to the Buddhist leadersm commerorative- commemorative events in life of Budda and his disciples, symbolic- symbolizes aspects of Buddhist theology, votive- constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefit.
Theravada- the oldest serviving Buddist branch. The more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddism. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka,
Buddhism- Historians estimate that the founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama commonly known as Budda.
It’s a religion home to the Indian subcontinent that encompasses a variety of traditions beliefs ad practices largely based on teachings where the people worshiped Buddha, Buddha is recognized as being an awakening and enlightening teacher, thought of more as a way of life than a religion, practice, meditation.
The four noble truths- The truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.
They believe in karma, which in turns determines reincarnation.
There are six planes in which they can be reborn. Into the Three unfortunate realms.
Three fortunate realms: the realm of demigods, the realm of gods, and the realm of men.
Three unfortunate realms: of animals, ghost and hell- suffer untold suffering, the suffering of the realm of man is far less.
Buddhist Art
It originated from Indian subcontinent. Spread from contact with other cultures throughout Asia. Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of Hindu art.
They worked with brick, wood, thatch, and bamboo.
They made stone railings, gateways, and sculptures, stupas.
They painted scrolls, made images of nature, gods and goddesses.
According to the Hindu view, there are four goals of life on earth, and each human being should aspire to all four.
Everyone should aim for dharma, okama, of human and righteous living; artha, or wealth acquired through the pursuit of a profession; exual love; moksha or spititual salvation.
Costume decoration, perfumery, jewelry making, magic and illusions, ointments of charm and virility, manual dexterity, skills of cooking, eating and drinking, beverage and dessert preparation, sewing, embroidery.
Advancements in Medicine, Literature, Math, Astronomy, and Preforming arts
Ayurbeda (life knowledge) is the ancient science of medicine that originated in India.
Used the practice of herbal medicine
Believed the body has 3 types of energy that controlled the body and affected health.
Vata- motion including blood cirvulation, breathing
Surgery was introduced as a common practice
Sushruta came up with 120 surgical instruments, 300 procedures, and 8 surgery classifications
Greatest time for poetry and drama.
Well known writer of this time was Kalidasa.
He was an Indian dramatist and poet.
He wrote in classical Indian language.
2 categories of literature- Sruti and Smriti
Sruti means listened to or heard and Smriti means remembered of memorized.
The decimal number system still used today was first developed in India.
Made early contributions to the sudy of the concept of zero as a number, negatibe numbers, arithmetic and algebra, trigonomety
And an early simplified bersion of calculus.
Works consisted of different sections including:
Sutras- set of rules or problems in berse to help the student memorize them
Prose Commentary- composed by seeral sholars that described the problem in detalin
Every thing was transmitted orally.
Astronomy
Ancient India used stars and planets to create astrological chars. Calculation of occurrences of eclipses, determination of Earth’s circumference, theorizind about the theory of gracitation, determining that the sun was a star, determine the number of planets in the solar system.
Aryabhata- presented a mathematical system that the sun spins on an axis and cndiered the morionof the planets in respect to the sun.
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