- Leaders
- Hitler- Germany
- Mussillini- Italy
- Churchill- Great Britian
- FDR- US
- Stalin- Soviet union
- Tojo- Japan
- Vladimir Lenin-USSR
- Bolshivic- caused russia to drop out of WWI
- USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- Treaty of Versailles
- ended WWI
- started everythig for WWII
- New countries
- Poland, finland, czechoslovaka, estonia, lativa, lithuania, yugoslavia
- Big 3
- US, Great Britan, France
- SignedTreaty at Hall if Mirrors
- land: aimed at Germany to give land to france, belgium, Denmark, czechoslovakia and poland( who Hitler attacked in WWII)
- League of nations also took Germanys Oversea Colonies
- Military: Germany's army went down to 100,000 men with no tanks, airforce, subs, only 6 capital naval ships
- Tehy would train 100,000 men and then let them go and then the cycle repeats
- Rhineland is near the Rhine River, was going to be located betwenn France and Germany, also know as a Buffer Zone. But it didn't become an indepented country
- Financial: The cost of repair for the war was $33 billion, other countries wanted Germany to become bankrupt
- Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria to for a superstate
- General:
- Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war (War Guilt Clause)
- Because Germany is responsible for the war they have to pay for it
- League of Nations-a world wide peace keeping organizations where the leaders of countries meet at one area and talk about keeping world peace. (still around today)
- had no military force, us didn't join it cause we thought that it was going to bring us into the war, required a unanyoulus vote to do anything
- German Recations: There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public; Treaty became known at the Diktat- ar it was beign forced on them ans the Germans had no choice but to sign it; Many in Germany did not want the treaty signed; German representatives there knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting ther wawr again
- Allies Reactions:At first the treaty seemed to satify the big 3 (US,GB,France); Allies believed it was a just peace as it kept Germany weak yet strong enough to stop the spread communism; kept the Fench border with Germany safe from another german attack and created the League of Nations that would end warfare throughtout the world; Then Wilson brought threaty back to the US Senate for ratification, the Senate refused to sign it cause they didn't want to get involved with it; Most countries ultimately were unhappy with the treaty and the results of WWI, France were unhappy with WWI results cause they thought that they should have been harder on Germany, GB was alright with results cause they wanted the trading and buying thing, Japan was happy cause they got a lot of land in China, Russia was unhappy with results because they lost a lot of land.
- Weimar Republic- New Government sent up in germany after WWI; democracy- people have a say in the government; failed because germany was in massive debt and in a depression, it was first democracy
The Rise of the Dictators
Three Great WW II Dictators
1. Adolph Hitler-Germany
2. Benito Mussolini-Italy
3. Iosif Dzhugashvili(Josef Stalin)
Define totalitarianism.
The government of 1 leader has all power (Facisim, Nazisim, ect.)
Why did totalitarianism come about in the 1920’s and 1930’s?
1. Post-war depression
-high inflation
-1923 420 trillion marks to one US dollar
-high unemployment
-democratic governments struggled to end depression
2. New nations had no experience with democratic governments
3. Democracy brought about a lot of political parties
4. Unhappy with the results of WW I
-wanted revenge
Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes
1. Tried to control people of country through fear and intimidation
-secret police force and military
2. Propaganda campaigns promoting the party
-press censorship and control of media
3. Educating the young in the ways of totalitarianism
-militarism, nationalism, imperialism, history of country
4. Government controlled the economy
-USSR completely
-Germany and Italy partially
5. All preached about the unfairness of WWI
6. Leader became iconized
-statues and painting
Benito Mussolini’s Italy: Fascism
Fascist movement began right after WW I
-people were unhappy with the results and the economy was terrible
-people were scared that the socialists might come to power so many turned to fascism
-including King Victor Emmaneul
Benito Mussolini( Il Duce)
-hated the wealthy and catholic church
-mother forced him to go to catholic school
-expelled for stabbing a rich student
-unsuccessful elementary teaching career
-joined the socialist movement before during WWI
-fought for Italy in WWI-injured
-got involved in Fascist movement after the war
-became the leader of the Fascist movement
-King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922
-by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy
-killed political opponent
Fascist Ideas
1. Hated communism and democracy
2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country
3. Nationalism- extreme pride in your country, "nothing above the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state"-
4. Militarism- build up a big powerful army and navy
5. Imperialism- a country goes and takes over other colonies/countries
6. Corporativism
-industrial leaders and workers must work well together
-detested capitalist’s greedy ways
7. Made Catholicism the national religion
-Mussolini hated religion but realized he nneded an alliance with the Catholic Church
-brought many Catholics to support Mussolini
8. Efficiency and order were very important
-Mussolini “made the trains run on time”
Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism
-allowed monarchy to continue
-allowed the Catholic Church to continue
What did the world do to try to keep peace in the 1920's
- National peace keeping organization
- Washington Naval conference
- 4 power- GB, US, France, Japan...reduce naval size- make new ships
- 5 power- China, and 4 other...respect possessions in pacific- would not attack each other
- 9 power- 9 countries...open door policy- free trade with china
- to outlaw war
Adolf Hitler
- born in 1889 in Austria
- dropped out of school at 16
- wanted to be and artist and architect
- failed to get into art school
- moved to Germany in 1913
- joined German Army when WWI broke out
- was wounded twice (once by gas)
- won numerous medals
- accepted the “stab in the back” theory
- hated Weimer Republic
- joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI
- voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921
- Nazi party attracted the following groups of people:
1. Manual laborers
2. Former soldiers
3. Adventurers and misfits
- The Nazi Party:
1. was violently nationalistic
2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew)
3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic
4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
- Hitler and the Nazis tried to take over the German Gov’t
- Failed miserably
- Hitler was arrested for treason
- Got five years but only served 9 months
- While in prison he wrote his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Outlined Hitler’s ideas:
1. Aryans were the superior race
- Germans, Dutch, Belgians, Scandinavians and English
- No interbreeding
2. Anti-Semitic belived
- Hated Jews, inferior race
- Hitler associated them with the Weimer Republic and Communism
3. Hated democracy
-Believed one person had to have the power to keep order and Discipline
4. Undo the Treaty of Versailles
5. Re-unite German speaking peoples
- Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig, Poland
6. Lebensraum
- “Living space” in Russia for the German People
- Hitler also learned that he would have to come to power legally
- January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany
- Within 18 months Hitler had total power and created “The Third Reich”
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