February 8- February 12

[5 Tara]

February 8 (Monday)- Snow day

February 9 (Tuesday)- Went over forum post topics. Went over power point and started reviewing for tests. 

February 10 (Wednesday)- 

February 11 (Thursday)- 

February 12 (Friday)- 

FDR's New Deals Programs: 

The 3 R's: 

• Relief for the needy
• Economic recovery
• Financial reform 

How did the New Deal help: 

• Unemployed people
• Young people
• Banks 
• Stock Market
• Factory Workers
• Farmers
• Homeowners
• Elderly 
• Consumers 
• Native Americans 

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 

• Gave loans to banks, state and local governments and business' to create projects/jobs for people
• Gave states loans for emergency relief needs
• Started under Hoover 
• Dissolved in 1945 after World War Two 

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 

• Passed in 1933 during the "One Hundred Days"
• The CCC was limited to young men age 18 to 25 whosej fathers were on relief 
• CCC members worked 40 hours a week and were paid $30 a month, with the requirement that $25 of that be sent home to family 
• Members lived in camps, wore uniforms, and lived under military discipline
• The U.S Army operated the camps 
• Planted trees, fought forest fires, stopped soil erosion
• Helped construct military bases during World War Two 
• Funding stopped in 1942
• Their slogan was "We can take it!"

National Youth Administration (NYA) 

• Established in 1935 and was part of the WPA 
• Pushed heavily by Eleanor Roosevelt 
• Served 327,000 high school and college youth, who were paid $6 to $40 a month for "work study" projects at their schools 
• It allowed thousands of young people to stay in school 
• Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $10 to $25 a month for part time work that included job training 
• Unlike the CCC, it included young women 
• The youth normally lived at home, and worked on construction or repair projects 

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) 

• Enacted in 1933
• FERA distributed more than 20 million dollars in direct aid to the unemployed 
• Started the welfare system 
• This in turn would help the unemployed to find new jobs 

Three Primary Objectives: 

• Direct relief measures 
• Provide work for employable people 
• Provide many different types of relief programs 

Public Works Administration (PWA) 

• Established in 1933 
• Created as many jobs as possible in many different varieties 
• Great example of FDR's "priming the pump" 
• Between 1933 and 1939, the PWA funded the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, dams, aircraft carriers, bridges, etc. 
• Was responsible for 70% of the new schools and 33% of the hospitals built between 1933-1939

Civil Works Administration (CWA) 

• Established in 1933 to create jobs for millions of the unemployed 
• The CWA created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges 
• In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $800,000,000 and was cancelled 
• So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages 

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

• Established in 1935
• Largest and most comprehensive New Deal Agency 
• The WPA was a "make work" program that provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression 
• WPA projects primarily employed unskilled workers in construction projects across the nation
• The WPA built 650,000 miles of roads, 78,000 bridges, 125,000 buildings, and 7,000 miles of airport runways
• It presented 225,000 concerts and produced almost 475,000 works of art
• Federal Project No. 1 (Federal One) of the WPA was developed to give artistic and professional work to the unemployed who qualified
• It consisted of the Federal Art Project (FAP), Federal the Federal Writers' Project (FWP), and the Historical Records Survey (HRS)

 Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA) 

• Passed five days after taking office- March, 1933
• Passed in response to the thousands of banks that closed down 
• Passed four days after FDR announced the Bank Holiday in his Fireside Chat, which closed banks down temporarily 
• The EBRA would close down the bank, reorganize it and then reopen the bank when it was stable 
• When banks reopened on March 13, 1933, many people put their money back into the banks 
• Within a couple of weeks more than half of the money that people withdrew from banks was put back into banks 
• Generally ended the bank runs that was commonplace from 1929-1933

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 

• Created by the Glass- Steagall Act in 1933 
• Insured people's money in banks up to $1,000 (Today up to $250,000)
• Passed in response to the bank failures after the stock market crash
• Insures money in saving and checking accounts, money market accounts, and CD's  

Federal Securities Act 

• Passed in 1933 
• Made  the stock market a safer place for people to invest their money
• 2 Goals:
• "Required that investors receive significant information regarding securities being offered for public sale" 
• "Prohibited deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities to the public" 

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

• Established in 1934 and is still around today 
• This organization regulates the stock market

           -Made the market more secure and safer for people's money 

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 

• Established "codes of fair competition" aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic recovery from the Great Depression 
• The law created a National Recovery Administration (NRA) to enforce codes 
• The administration tried to make voluntary agreements dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and the fixing of prices 
• Businesses which voluntarily complied could display the Blue Eagle  
• The NIRA also helped create jobs for unemployed workers (building schools) 
• Section 7A guaranteed workers the right to unionize 
• Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1935) 

National Labor Relations Act/Board (NLRA(B) 

• Established in 1935 
• Conducts elections for unions 
• Stresses collectives bargaining 
• Investigates and fixes unfair labor practices 
  Governed by a five-person board whose members are appointed by the President 

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 

• Established a national minimum wage- 40 cents/hour 
• Established the 40 hour work week
• Guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs 
• Prohibited the most child labor
• Still exists today 

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) 

• Established in 1933 
• Restricted production by paying farmers to reduce the amount of crops planted 
• Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so prices would go up 
• The farmers were paid by the federal government for leaving some of their land untilled 
• The AAA oversaw a large scale destruction of existing crops and livestock in an attempt to reduce surpluses 
• For example, six million pigs and 220,000 sows were slaughtered in the AAA's effort to raise prices 
• Cotton farmers plowed under a quarter of their crop
• Due to the nature of the Great Depression, many United States citizens saw the AAA as cruel 
• While people in the cities were starving, the federal government was destroying crops and livestock in the country 
• Farm prices more than doubled (1933-1935)
• The AAA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936 because it taxed one group (food processors) to pay another 
• The second AAA was passed in 1938 
• The second AAA was funded from general taxation, and therefore acceptable to the Supreme Court 

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 

• Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil" and prevent erosion 
• It was a piece of legislation passed in response to the Supreme Court's declaration that the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was unconstitutional
• Educated farmers on how to use their lands without damaging them
• Took immediate action to contain the duct bowl's effects by planting trees and native grass
• Three years after the Act was adopted, soil erosion had dropped 65%  

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 

• Created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven state region around the Tennessee River Valley 
• FDR signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act creating the TVA on May 18, 1933 
• The agency still exists and has grown to become America's largest public power company
• Some criticized the TVA for only helping a specific region not the whole country 

Rural Electrification Administration (REA) 

• The REA was created (1935) 
  The REA provided farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power and eventually telephone services 
• This brought all the electrial appliances that the cities had since the 1920's
• The REA made long-term loans to state and local governments, to farmer' cooperatives, and to nonprofit organizations to do the work
• By 1939 rural households with electricity had risen to 25% (up from 10% 7 years earlier) 
• The administration was abolished in 1994 and its functions assumed by the Rural Utilities Service 

Farm Security Administration (FSA) 

• Granted small farmers and tenant farmers money to purchase farms 
• The Dust Bowl forced a lot of farmers off their farms
• Many farmers bought tractors with money from the AAA thus forcing tenant farmers off the land 
• The FSA provided relief to these people 

Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) 

• The typical home loan in 1930 required a 50% down payment and had to be paid off within 5-7 years at an interest rate of 6 to 8 percent 
• Buyers paid the entire interest charge at the end of the payback period in one large payment 
• Often they had to take out a second mortgage, at rates of up to 18%, just to cover this final payment 
• The HOLC was established in 1933 to refinance homes to prevent foreclosure 
• It was usually used to extend loans from shorter, expensive payments of the 15 years to the lower payments of the 30 years loans 
• The government couldn't make these terms available for all properties 
• Banks handling federally guaranteed loans needed clear guidelines indicating where loans could safely be made, and where they could not 
• A massive inventory began in 1936 to evaluate all residential areas in the nation 
• The HOLC set strict standards. First, the appraisers looked for any signs of decay or neglect that might indicate a neighborhood was in decline
• Surveyors also looked for any sign of minorites 
• Even a single home occupied by a minority family in a distant corner of a neighborhood could cause the entire area to be downgraded for mortgage insurance 

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 

• The Federal Housing Administration was created in 1934
• Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying 
• The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions and to provide and adequate home financing system
• In 1965, the Federal Housing Administration became part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and is still around today 

United States Housing Authority (USHA) 

• Created in 1937 
• It was designed to lend money to the states or communities for low-cost home construction 
• Homes were designed for low-income and homeless people 
• The USHA was absorbed by the National Housing Agency in 1942

Social Security Administration (SSA) 

• Established in 1935
• Provides retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits
• To qualify for these benefits, most American workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings 
• Future benefits are based on employees' contributions 
• Each person is given a Social Security number 

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) 

• Passed in 1938
• Gave the Food and Drug Administration power to regulate these industries 
• Mandated a review of the safety of all new drugs before going to market
• Banned false therapeutic claims in drug labeling 
• Authorized factory inspections and expanded enforcement powers by the FDA 
• Set new regulatory standards for foods and cosmetics 

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) 

• Passed in 1934 
• Abolished the Dawes Act and allowed Native American to govern themselves on a tribal basis 
• Allowed Native Americans to manage and keep their own land 
• Included provisions to help create job opportunities on Indian Reservations. This has led to many casinos on Indian Reservations 
• The Act is still around today