6th- 1930's Presentations
1932/1936 Presidential elections- 1932 election was between FDR (democrat) and Herbert Hoover (republican) and he was the president previously. People hated Herbert Hoover and the depression was blamed on him. 3rd party had 800,000 some votes and he was a socialist, he started to come around during this time. Leftist party that had been created. Why did socialist party become popular: socialist party promised gov. help and people needed help during the depression. FDR won 89% to 11% and the democrats won most the electoral votes. Platform of FDR- he wanted a new deal to help people get jobs and have the gov. help out, he wanted the expansion of the Federal Gov., better regulation of banks, massive gov. spending, create social services, and to put people back to work. speeches on tv were becoming a big thing. Platform of Hoover- he wanted to raise tax, spend more money, raise tariffs, block trade, republicans did not like him and they thought that he was to socialist.
1936 election- FDR (democrat) vs. Alf Landon (republican). FDR won 98.5 percent of electoral votes and Alf won 1.5%. FDR also won by 61 percent of popular vote and Alf with 36.5 %. Platform of FDR- he wanted protection of familys and homes. Protect our people from the bad and have more police to stop crime. He wanted the establishment of a democracy of opportunity for all people. Insuring the wealth of the people, aid to those overtaken by disaster, old age and social security, money to help veterans, and also help farmers out with agriculture or if they have any issues. Platform of Alf Landon- he wanted moderate progressive spending, Anti FDR, less gov. spending, and to get rid of the new deal.
Impact the great depression had on people and our country- Marriage and Divorce- less marriages, less divorces because they didn't want to split up the money, poor man's divorce (husband just left the family and never saw them again but never officially divorced). There was a lot of crime/carnage at the start they had prohibition and Al capone was settling down, people were taking the law into their own hands because there were barely any cops to help with the crime. There was a lot of hanging, murder, lynchying, and robbery. The suicide rate was very high and people thought that was the only option and it was after the crash. The rate went up about 15 %. Schooling was underfunded, teachers weren't paid very much money at all, there was a high drop out rate, and almost nobody went to college because it was so expensive. There was a lot of train jumping, people who dropped out and they would jump on trains and go places to get jobs and also by leaving they were a less burden of parents. Soup kitchens were a big thing that served food, they supplied to all homeless, poor, and anyone, First was privately sponsored by churches but then the gov. thought it was a good idea and they helped to sponsor. Women were to prideful to go out and get food and would normally stay home. Another big thing was hoovervilles- they were small villages that formed outside of cities once mortgages were taken, Named after president because they hated him, There were some at St. Lewis, New York, D. C., and they would go to the city to work and get money were they all used it for homes. How people survived- had homemade gardens to get vegetables, Had livestock (considered a big shot if you had one), and Trading.
Feb. 7- Causes of the Great Depression. Depression- a long and severe recession in an economy or market. Recession is the long downward spiral until rock bottom (depression) and it is the economic slump, no money is being made. Causes of Great Depression- Stock market crash (1929): distribution of wealth around U.S., bank credit and loans, no guarantee from banks (panic), buying on the margin (down payment), and weak/small bank firms that didn't have enough money to sustain what was happening, over 9,000 banks failed, and in 1929 14 billion lost= 194 billion today. Everything (money) revolved around stock market and many people were putting money into it, people wanted their money back but it crashed and they didn't get it back. Also because money was putting other people's money in the stock market. Vicious cycle- people don't have any money, so people don't buy the goods, so companies stop producing, so people get laid off, the people don't have any jobs, and people the don't get money. Companies were over producing including car producers, a lot of home appliances, and washing machines. Drought conditions- dust bowl and "dirty 30's". 1931 there was only 17 inches of rain, low agricultural prices were very low and farmers were not getting paid very well, plowing was trying to get the soil turned so that they would get more bushels, no cover crops, no wind buffers, erosion. Drought condition- very dry, blew sand and top soil everywhere, it was very windy.
President Hoover's attempt to help solve the great depression (lack of attempt)- Agricultural marketing act- stop crop prices from rising, took half a billion dollars to fund, and it tried to give financial help for farmers. Reconstruction Finance Corporation- financial support for many businesses, loans- banks, railroads, mortgage, associations, it started to grow and helped to aid agriculture and financing, and was intended to be an independent nonpolitical agency. This helped for a little bit but ended up not working at all.
Feb. 8th- no school
Feb. 9th- President Hoover: Smoot- Hawley tariff- tariff: tax on imported goods and this tariff raised prices on over 200,000 imported goods. It ended up not working because world trade was not good and it almost cut off all world trade. By doing this is keep foreign goods out so everyone would buy american made products.
Bonus Army- an assembly of 43,000 some people most veterans. 17,000 were WW1 veterans, families and affiliated groups. Great depression made them desperate to get money. The congress came up with an certificate. The certificate was around 1.25 to 1.00 as a bonus. When the great depression came the army wanted the money right away. The bonus came from congress in 1924. 1.25 for every served our seas and 1.00 every served at home, they waited in camps outside of Washington D.C. for the bill to pass, the bill didn't pass eventually. Tension rose even further after that decision and Hoover sent the military to escort them away from the premises. The military used tear gas and destroyed the tents they had. The leader of the military group was Douglas Macarthur a five star general. Major Dwight D Eisenhower was also in the military group. The president said not to follow the group to the anacostia flats. MacArthur followed and soon afterwards a fire started with no one knowing who started it.
1930's entertainment/sports- FiFA world cup- Uruguay was host and won 4-2 against Argentina, World Series- Philadelphia athletics won the series in the 6th game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Super Bowl- Green bay packer beat the new york giants, Finals (american basketball league)- cleveland rosenblums won the finals 4-1 against the rochester. Famous Athletes- Jesse Owens: track and field also a four time gold medalist, Lou Gehrig: baseball and first baseman for New York Yankees. A quote he said was, "there is no room in baseball for discrimination. It is our national pastime and a game for all." Charlie Conacher-ice hockey. He was a forward for Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings, and New York Americans. On January 1, 2017 in a ceremony prior to the centennial classic, conacher was part of the first group of players to be named of the the 100 greatest NHL players in history. Music: Jazz was very popular and musicians that were popular included: shirley temple, Gene Autry, Billie Holiday, Roy Rogers, Bing Crosby. Radio- more than 40 percent of american households owned a radio, live musical performances. Drama, comedy acts, talk and educational shows came later. In large parts of the South, Midwest, and Great Plains radio station and sets were scarce. Popeye the Sailor- E.C. (Elzie Crisler) Segar, made his debut in January 1929, voiced by William "billy" costello. Fads- family game night, goldfish swallowing, stamp collecting, reading. A lot of movies like snow white, king kong, ect.
FDR background- FDR was born on January 30, 1882 into a wealthy family, He was an only child, he went to a Harvard but was a C student there, A few years after he went to Harvard he went to Columbia university law school, he never received a degree because he found it boring so he went into politics. Franklin's political start- in 1910 FDR was invited to run for new york state senate, he ran as a democrat in an area that was primarily republican for the last 32 years, with the help of his name he won the election, during this time elected he formed an alliance with Louis Howe. In 1914 FDR decided to run for the US senate seat, he lacked white house support, FDR made too many political enemies, and he lost the election because of this. Accomplishments of FDR- he passed the new deal which made tons of organization to help economy, one of these groups were the works progress administration (WPA), and the WPA employed millions of unskilled men to carry out public works projects such as roads and bridges. The civilian conservation Crop (CCC) as another group that employed unmarried men, national youth administration- provided jobs for Americans ages 16-25, and the agricultural adjustment act- payed farmers so there wouldn't be a crop surplus.
Feb. 10th- The Three R's: Overview- FDR pushed for the creation of new agencies to deal with the depression. The R's stand for relief, recovery, and reform. Relief: these programs provided immediate aid to Americans. Recovery- these programs provided jobs to the unemployed without gov. assist. Reform- changed the way the government and businesses operated "goal". Relief Agencies include civil works administration (relief)- created jobs, Farm Security administration (relief)- helped family farms; financially, and Federal Emergency relief administration- (relief)- gave loans to the states to operate relief programs. Recovery Agencies: national recovery administration: brought industry and gov together to create codes of "fair practices" and raise prices, agricultural adjustment Act- the purpose was to reduce crop overload and therefore effectively raise the value of crops, federal housing administration- set standards for the construction and underwriting for building homes. Underwriting- sign and accept liability under and insurance policy, then guaranteeing payment in case loss or damage occurs. Reform agencies- rural electrification administration- provided loans to install electricity, national labor relations act- protect the rights of employees, Tennessee valley authority- provided navigation, flood control, electricity generation to the Tennessee valley.
Difference between first deal and second deal (to help improve economy)- First Deal: first made by FDR in spring of 1933: Major points include social security, response to great depression, 3 R's, relief, recover, reform. Second deal- Made by FDR in January of 1935: five major points include improve use of natural resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, slum clearance, work relief program.
12 deficit spending and priming the pump- refers to an old fashioned water pump. which requires something to work properly. The gov tried to stop spending in other areas. Tried to get more gov programs for people affected by the great depression. Deficit spending is when you spend a lot of money and are going into the negative range.
The Fire Side Chats- During the great depression, 1933-1944, and it was 30 speeches on advice on how to help people to gain money or advice on what to do and they lasted as long as 10 min on the radio. Why it is called fire side chat- broad casted on the radio and sat next to a fireplace, he talked to the public about advice on the Great Depression.
The hundred day's of FDR's presidency- beginning of FDR presidency, ended the great depression, and went from march 9th-June 16th. What did FDR do in his first hundred days vs. Trump. FDR- passed 15 bills also known as the new deal, ended the gold standard- u.s. currency is not back up by gold, national bank holiday- closed every bank in the U.S., and civilian conservation Act- put 250,000 men to work in rural areas.
FDR vs. the US supreme court- court packing: Election of 1936 (he had a land side victory). he was very frustrated. February 5, 1937 Roosevelt made a bold and perhaps miscalculated decisions, he had a private meeting with cabinet members and the senate democratic leadership, Roosevelt proposed his "court-packing" bill to circumvent the court's unfavorable rulings. His campaign was that the court was in complete charge of the whole republican party. Which was a instrument of laissez-faire. He was targeting six of the nine supreme court justices because they had challenged his domestic programs. what he wanted of the court packing- FDR wanted 15 justices instead of 9, increase the court's efficiency, wanted to bring in new justices to balance out the opinion, he wanted some new life because the ones they had were older and more conservative. No this did not happen and FDR was upset and the american people felt like he was getting rid of the checks and balance system and also he wanted more control. A couple things the court did that FDR didn't approve of: January 1935 the court issued its first ruling on the New Deal Statue, striking down the provision on the national recovery industrial Act (NRIA), and imposed new control on production and pricing on oil.
New deal- created by president FDR, created to calm the great depression, increased gov spending and projects, built thousands of bridges, highways, buildings, employed people, spurred economy. critics of the new deal- father Charles E. Coughlin, he was a Detroit radio priest, originally a supporter of new deal. became anti Semitic, blamed Jewish banker for the great depression, wanted to make banks owned by gov, also wanted more money in circulation, became anti communistic. Francis Townshend- doctor from long beach california, proposed the old aged revolving pension, townshend plan, every american over 60 must retire, open up jobs for younger better workers, retirees would receive 200 dollars, a lot for GD and must spend in one month, Spur economy, didn;t agree with FDR because. Third critic huey long, known as the biggest threat to FDR, poised to run for 1936 election, Steal votes from FDR, and got assassinated. Huey long start share out wealth program, communisitic idea, take from rich and give to poor, proposed 100% tax on earnings over a million, elderly would receive pensions, poorest americans were guaranteed housing.
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