Monday - NO SCHOOL
Tuesday - Bruns went over PowerPoint
Wednesday – Bruns went over PowerPoint
Thursday – Bruns went over PowerPoint and did a test Review
How did the New Deal Help...?
- Unemployed People
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- Gave loans to banks, state and local govt's, and business to create projects/jobs for people
- Gave states loans for emergency relief needs
- Started Under Hoover
- Dissolved in 1946 after WW2
Federal Emergency Relief Act
- Enacted in 1933
- FERA distributed more than 20 million dollars in direct aid to the unemployment
- This in turn would help the unemployment to find new jobs
FERA had three primary objectives
1- Direct Relief Measures
2- Provide Work for Employable people
3- Provide many different types of relief programs
Public Works Administration
- Established in 1933
- Created as many jobs as possible in many different varieties
- Great example of FDR’s “priming the pump”
- Between 1933 and 1939, the PWA funded the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, dams, aircraft carriers, bridges, etc.
- Was responsible for 70% of the new schools and 33% of the hospitals built between 1933-1939
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
- Established in 1933 to create jobs for millions of the unemployed
- The CWA created construction jobs-buildings bridges, schools, playgrounds, laid sewer pipes
- In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $800 million and was cancelled
Works Progress Administration
- Established in 1935
- Largest and most comprehensive New Deal Agency
- The WPA was a “make work" program that provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression
- WPA projects primarily employed unskilled workers in construction projects across the nation
- The WPA built 650,000 miles of roads, 78,000 bridges, 125,000 buildings, and 7000 miles of airport runways
- It presented 225,000 concerts and produced almost 475,000 works of art
- Federal Project No. 1(Federal One) of the WPA was developed to give artistic and professional work to the unemployed who qualified
- It consisted of the Federal Art Project (FAP), Federal Music Project (FMP), Federal Theatre Project (FTP), the Federal Writers’ Project (FWP), and the Historical Records Survey (HRS)
***Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)***
- Created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-state region around the Tennessee River Valley
- FDR signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act creating the TVA on May 18, 1933
- The agency still exists and has grown to become America's largest public power company
- Some criticized the TVA for only helping a specific region not the whole country
- Young People
Civilian Conservation Corps
- Passed in 1933 during the "One Hundred Days"
- The CCC was limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose fathers were on relief
- CCC members worked 40 hours a week and were paid $30 a month
- Requirement that $25 of that be sent home to family
- Members lived in camps, wore uniforms, and lives under military discipline
- The U.S. Army operated the camps
- Planted trees, fought forest fires, stopped soil erosion
- Helped construct military bases during WW2
- Funding stopped in 1942
- Their slogan was "We can take it!"
National Youth Administration
- Established in 1935 and was a part of the WPA
- Pushed heavily by Eleanor Roosevelt
- Served 327,000 high school and college youth, who were paid $6 to $40 a month for "work study" projects at their school
- It allowed thousands of young people to stay in school
- Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $10 to $25 month for part- time work that included job training
- Unlike the CCC, it included young women
- The youth normally lived at home, and worked on construction or repair project
- Banks
Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA)
- Passed five days after taking office-March 1933
- Passed in response to the thousands of banks that closed down
- Passed four days after FDR announced the Bank Holiday in his Fireside Chat, which closed banks down temporarily
- The EBRA would close the bank, reorganize it and then reopen the bank when it was stable
- When banks reopened on March 13, 1933, many people put their money back into the banks
- Within a couple of weeks, more than half of the money that people withdrew from banks was put back into banks
- Generally ended the bank runs that was commonplace from 1929-1933
********Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) *******
- Created by the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933
- Insured people’s money in banks up to $1000(today up to $250,000)
- Passed in response to the bank failures after the stock market crash
- Insures money in savings and checking accounts, money market accounts and CD’s
- Stock Market
Federal Securities Act
- Passed in 1933
- Made the stock market a safer place for people to invest their money
- Two goals:
- “required that investors receive significant information regarding securities being offered for public sale”
- “prohibited deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities to the public”
*****Securities and Exchange Commission*****
- Established in 1934 and is still around today
- This organization regulates the stock market
- made the market more secure and safer for people’s money
- Factory Workers
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
- Established “codes of fair competition” aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic recovery from the Great Depression
- The law created a National Recovery Administration (NRA) to enforce codes
- The NRA tried to make voluntary agreements with business’ dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and the fixing of prices
- Businesses which voluntarily complied could display the Blue Eagle
- Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1935)
***National Labor Relations Act/Board (NLRA(B)***
- Established in 1935
- Conducts elections for unions
- Stresses collective bargaining
- Investigates and fixes unfair labor practices
- Governed by a five-person board whose members are appointed by the President
***Fairly Labor Standards Act (FLSA)***
- Established a national minimum wage-40 cents/hour
- Established the 40-hour work week
- Guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs
- Prohibited most child labor
- Still exists today
- Farmers/Homeowners
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
- Established in 1933
- Restricted production by paying farmers to reduce the number of crops planted
- Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus, so prices would go up
- The farmers were paid by the federal government for leaving some of their land untilled
- The AAA oversaw a large-scale destruction of existing crops and livestock in an attempt to reduce surpluses
- For example, six million pigs and 220,000 sows were slaughtered in the AAA's effort to raise prices
- Cotton farmers plowed under a quarter of their crop
- Due to the nature of the Great Depression, many United States citizens saw the AAA as cruel
- While people in the cities were starving, the federal government was destroying crops and livestock in the country
- Farm prices more than doubled (1933-35)
- The AAA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936 because it taxed one group (food processors) to pay another
- The second AAA was passed in 1938
- The second AAA was funded from general taxation, and therefore acceptable to the Supreme Court
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
- Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil” and prevent erosion
- It was a piece of legislation passed in response to the Supreme Court's declaration that the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was unconstitutional
- Educated farmers on how to use their lands without damaging them
- Took immediate action to contain the Dust Bowl's effects by planting trees and native grass
- Three years after the Act was adopted, soil erosion had dropped 65%
***Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)***
- Created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-state region around the Tennessee River Valley
- FDR signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act creating the TVA on May 18, 1933
- The agency still exists and has grown to become America's largest public power company
- Some criticized the TVA for only helping a specific region not the whole country Rural
*Electrification Administration (REA)*
- The REA was created (1935)
- The REA provided farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power and eventually telephone services.
- This brought all the electrical appliances that the cities had since the 1920’s
- The REA made long-term loans to state and local governments, to farmers' cooperatives, and to nonprofit organizations to do the work.
- By 1939 rural households with electricity had risen to 25% (up from 10% 7 years earlier)
- The administration was abolished in 1994 and its functions assumed by the Rural Utilities Service
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
- Established in 1935
- Granted small farmers and tenant farmers money to purchase farms
- The FSA also documented the struggles farmers had by taking photos of their conditions
- The FSA also set up cooperative farmsteads
- Took people from the city and set them up in cooperative, subsistence farming communities
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)
- The typical home loan in 1930 required a 50% down payment and had to be paid off within 5 - 7 years at an interest rate of 6 to 8 percent
- Buyers paid the entire interest charge at the end of the payback period in one large payment
- The HOLC was established in 1933 to refinance homes to prevent foreclosure
- It was used to extend loans from shorter, expensive payments to the lower payments of 15/ 30-year loans
***Federal Housing Administration (FHA)***
- The Federal Housing Administration was created in 1934
- The goals of this organization were to improve housing standards and conditions and to provide an adequate home financing system
- In 1965, the Federal Housing Administration became part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and is still around today
United States Housing Authority (USHA)
- Created in 1937
- It was designed to lend money to the states or communities for low-cost home construction
- Homes were designed for low-income and homeless people
- The USHA was absorbed by the National Housing Agency in 1942
- Elderly
Social Security Administration (SSA)
- Established in 1935
- Provides retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits
- To qualify for these benefits, most American workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings
- Future benefits are based on employees' contributions
- Consumers
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
- Established “codes of fair competition” aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic recovery from the Great Depression
- The law created a National Recovery Administration (NRA) to enforce codes
- The NRA tried to make voluntary agreements with business’ dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and the fixing of prices
- Businesses which voluntarily complied could display the Blue Eagle
- Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1935)
- Each person is given a Social Security number
***Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)***
- Passed in 1938
- Gave the Food and Drug Administration power to regulate these industries
- Mandated a review of the safety of all new drugs before going to market
- Banned false therapeutic claims in drug labeling
- Authorized factory inspections and expanded enforcement powers by the FDA
- Set new regulatory standards for foods and cosmetics
- Native Americans
***Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)***
- Passed in 1934
- Abolished the Dawes Act and allowed Native American to govern themselves on a tribal basis
- Allowed Native Americans to manage and keep their own land
- Included provisions to help create job opportunities on Indian Reservations. This has led to many casinos on Indian Reservations
- The Act is still around today
- Artists, Musicians, Writers, etc.
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