Monday- Presentation on Italy
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
- Before the war, Italy was disappointed with no territorial gains, but their allies did in WW1
- Therefore, it led to political and economic struggles for a while
- This led to nationalism and Benito Mussolini rise to power
- Then that led to them being friends with Nazi Germany
- Then in 1939 they invaded Albania to expand
- Italy enters the Japan and the Axis powers in 1940
- Italy and them take land but then the Allies come and force Italy to surrender eastern Africa Territories
- Italy didn't like that so this forced the Allied powers to invade Italy homeland 1943
- Treaty of Versy left the Italians unhappy because they didn't get the land they were promised
- 5 Power pact signed Great Britain, United states, Japan, France, and Italy
- Designed to prevent and arm's race
- It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers and aircraft carries
- 9 Power Pact
- Guaranteed Chinese Independence and upheld the open door policy
- Kellogg- Briand Pact
- Countries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes
- Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini in 1936
- Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the 1896 Battle of Adua
- one of the worst colonial disasters of modern history
- Ethiopia becomes a Italian Territory
- Italy joined the league of nations from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937 and was one of the founding members of it
- King Victor Emmanuel
- Asked Mussolini to take over the power in Italy to keep the communists out of Italy
- Fascism in Italy
- A government led by a strong dictator
- Stresses strong nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
- Uses intimidation to get what they want
- " All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state." Benito Mussolini
- League of nations was unhappy with what Italy did and stopped trading with them
- Generalissimo Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War 1936
- Hitler and Mussolini send troops and weapons to help Franco win the civil war against the communists
- This was serves as an important training ground for Hitler's troops
- Rome- Berlin Axis- 1936 was the treaty between Italy and Germany
- Tripartite Pact is signed forming the Axis Powers-1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan
- Other Axis powers were Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Thailand, and Hungary
- Italy's goals-
- Make a new Roman Empire
- Make the Mediterranean and "Italian Lake"
- Take over northern African colonies of Britian and France- especially Egypt
- Take over southeastern Europe- Greece and Albania
- Take over parts of the Middle East
- Italy was not prepared to fight a war
-Discuss basic facts: alliance, total casualties, total cost, war goals, etc
- Alliances- Axis Powers
- Mussolini was arrested in 1943
- This caused a civil War in Italy
- Civil war 1943-1945
- Italian Resistance and co- Belligerent army fought and defeated Fascist Italian Social Republic
- Italy lost 454,600 people
- About 94 billion dollars were spent for Italy by 1945
- Around a trillion dollars today
- Italy had poor leadership after Mussolini and bad weapons
- Men didn't have the desire to fight
-Tell us about their leader(s) during WWII
-background-
- Born in 1883 in a small village in Italy, went to boarding school,
- worked in his fathers smithy,
- emigrated to Switzerland to avoid military service,
- Arrested in 1903 by Swiss police,
- joined the army in 1917 to fight agents the central powers,
- He fought up in the Swiss Alps keeping the Germans out of Italy,
- He was wounded by motor in 1917
-how they came to power-
- Using his journalism Mussolini was able to convince people about the benefits of fascism,
- He was the founder of Fascism and created the blackshirts,
- his own personal army,
- In October of 1927 the blackshirts lead by Mussolini marched on Rome to overthrow the prime minister Mussolini becomes the new prime minister
-how they lost power-
- Mussolini and his mistress Clara petacci, were stopped by 2 communist partisans and were shot the following day
- On April 29, 1945, Mussolini and his mistress and other fascists executed were shown to the people of Italy
-Discuss the impact of their Home front and propaganda and what it was like in their country during the war
- Economic problems in the years before the war
- Considered not prepared for major military battle in 1942
- There was propaganda about the home front
-Discuss major battle strategies
-Discuss major battles that the country was involved in
-Discuss other people/generals from their country in WWII that had a major impact on the war
- Pietro Badogilo
- Born September 28, 1871
- Died November 1, 1956
- Promoted to general in WW1
- Responsible for armistice in Italy
- Ugo Cavallero
- Born September 20, 1880
- Died September 13, 1943
- Promoted to general in WW1
- Committed Suicide
- Giovanni
- Born December 10, 1883
- Died December 18, 1963
- Became Genre 1935
- Wrote about his experiences
- Arturo Riccadi
- Born October 30, 1878
- Died December 20, 1966
- Became Admiral
-Discuss why they won or lost the war
- Well Italy is kind of weird in the war
- In the middle of the war, they switched sides for Axis to Allied powers
- Italy had to surrender to the Allied powers
- They surrendered because the Allied powers invaded Italy
- Then switched sides
-Discuss the impact WWII had on the country
Tuesday- took more notes
Wednesday- quiz
Germany-
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
-Discuss basic facts: alliance, total casualties, total cost, war goals, etc
- Total casualties are around 2 million
- total coast was over 1.6 trillion
- Allies were Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania
- Allied troops occupied German territory during the later stages of WW2 mass rapes took place
- Southern French were part of Germany and were allowed to keep their land
- Loss land to France, Denmark, Northern Schlewig, and Hultschin
- Countries they lost land to they invaded and took over in WW2
- Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men no tanks, no submarines, and a small navy
- Allowed 6 capital naval ships
- The Rhineland was made into demilitarized zone DMZ
- No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone
- The Allies were to keep and army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years
- Financial
- The loss of vital industrial territory would be a server blow to Germany's economy
- Coal from the Saar and Uppar silesia in particular
- Germany had to pay 33 billion dollars to the allies
- 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war, This was clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
- There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
- The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them and the Germans had no choice to sign it
- German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the was again
- Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the Dolchstoss Theory Stab in the Back theory
- Blamed the "November Criminals"(the Weimer Repbulic) for accepting the treaty
- Sudetenland/ Munich Conference- 1938-
- Neville Chamberlain- Great Britain
- Adolf Hitler- Germany
- Mussolini- Italy
- Munich Conference- Chamberlain: "Peace for our time"
- Hitler was given the Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia
- Hitler promised that he was done taking over territories
- Hitler wanted to re unite all German speaking people
- Became know as the "Policy of Appeasement"
- Winston Churchill- Opposed Appeasement
- Hitler takes over all of Czechoslovakia- 1939
- Soviet- German Non- Aggression pact
- German Ambassador Van Ribbentrop and Soviet dictator Stalin laugh as Molotov signs the Nazi- Soviet Union Non aggression pact
- Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
- Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
- Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
- Russia would get Finland, Estonia and Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania
- How did the world react to this pact-
- Shock
- Poland was scared
- Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked
- German Invasion of Poland- Blitzkrieg
- Poland lost in around a month
- Germany used Blitzkrieg used it in all the countries they took over and it worked
- Blitzkrieg is a swift attack the air force goes first to take out communication and transportation of the enemy
- Then the takes comes and infantry come in together
- Men in trucks would come in and circle around the enemy to make they surrenders and finally surround all the troops and make the enemy surrender
- Sitzkrieg- the phony war
- 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan become the three major Axis powers
- 1940 Hitler invaded Lustonburg, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, France
- France was divided throughout ww2 Vichy France were German Allies
- The French Resistance General Charles Decaulle
- fought German throughout the war with gorilla ta ticks
- 1941 Axis invasion of the Balkans (Yugoslavia)
- Nazi Goals-
- Destroy the Royal Air Force
- Attack and destroy the British Navy
- Attack British troops
- Once air control was gained, the invasion of Great Britain would began
- Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
- German bombers did so poorly against the RAF the they started bombing at night only
- Great Britain was aided heavily by the radar and Ultra
- Air Raid Shelters During the Blitz
- Go into your basement or into the subways to protect yourself
- Germany Invasion of USSR- June, 1941
- Final plan for operation Barbarossa
- Germany has 90% of Stalingrad and then the winter sets in and Russia takes it back
- Scorched Earth Policy
- Stalin demanded this of the Soviet troops as they retreated
- What is this?
- They burned anything that they thought was helpful to Germany
- Battle of Moscow
- The Soviet winter counteroffensive December 6, 1941 - April 30, 1942
- The Russian winter sets in and make a huge turning point
- Battle of Stalingrad winter of 1942 - 1943
- around 2 million people died during this battle
- Siege of Lenigrad
- City in the north
- They didn't invade the city they surround it to make them surrender
- They pull troops from Lenigrad to Stalingrad and the Russian troops take it back
- North African Campaign: The battle of El Alamein, 1942
- Gen. Bernard
- Law
- Montgomery ("Monty")
- Gen. Ernst Rommel
- the "Desert Fox"
- the Italian Campaign
- "Operation Torch"
- Europe's "Soft Underbelly"
- Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area- Italy
- George S. Patton leads American troops
- Germans trapped in Tusisia- surrender over 275,000 troops
- The Atlantic Wall-
- Hitler had millions of mines and concrete walls to be built along the beaches to try to prevent a attack along the coast
- Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D- Day
- D-Day (June 6, 1944) attack France along the English channel we hit Utah beach and Omaha beach, Omaha beach was one of the most heavily fortified beaches of all
- July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
- August 25, 1944 Paris is Liberated
- The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Last major Offensive lasted a mouth and a half
- Dec. 16, 1944 throw Jan. 28, 1945
- They created a bulge through the front line
- The plan was to get to the sea and surround the troops and make them surrender
- US and Russian Soldiers meet at the Elbe river in Germany
- Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
- Killed himself in his bunker and also his wife
- V-E Day(May 8, 1945)
- Germany was split into four zones eventually 2 countries east became communist and west we supported
- 1991 is when Germany finally came back together
- West Germany became our allies
- Nuremberg Trials is where many people were put to death for war crimes
- Nazi Propaganda-
- "All propaganda must be so popular and on such an intellectual level, that even the most stupid of those toward whom it is directed will understand it..."
- The Holocaust-
- The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WW2
- A program of systematic state- sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi occupied territory
- Approximately two thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had live in Europe before the Holocaust died
- Who was inferior according to Hitler-
- Jews, Gypsies, mentally/physically handicapped people, Soviet Slavs/ Pow's/Troops 16.5 million soviets were killed by Germany,Poles 2.5 million killed,Homosexuals, Communists, dark skinned people Jehovah's witnesses
- What is the Aryan Race-
- Nazis used the term to refer to a so- called master race that originated around Germany
- Perfect Aryan was blonde, blue eyed, and muscular
- Lebensborn- Fount of Life
- The program aimed to promote the growth of Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women and by restricting access to those deemed fit
- Houses were set up throughout Germany and many occupied territories
- Many Lesenborn children were born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
- Hitler's Jewish Questions- 1933-
- Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933- Never restored
- The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Duchau in 1933. The first inmates were 200 Communists
- Jews are prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools. All but few Jewish students are banned from public schools and colleges in 1933
- Nuremburg Laws 1935-
- Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making Jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights.
- Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had three or four Jewish grandparents. people with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race
- Jew could only marry Jews
- No sexual relation between non- Jewish Germans and Jews
- 1936-
- Nazis boycott Jewish owned businesses
- 1938-
- ON the night of November 9-10th, 1938, the Nazis roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes, burring synagogues and looting
- IN all 101 synagogues were destroyed and almost 7,500 Jewish businesses were destroyed
- 1938-
- All Jewish children are expelled from public schools in Germany and Austria
- Nazis take control of Jewish businesses
- 1939-
- Hitler orders the systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
- Jews are required to wear armbands or yellow stars
- 1940-
- Nazis start deporting German Jews to Poland
- Jews are forced into ghettos
- Nazis begin the first mass murder of Jews in Poland
- 1942-
- Nazi official announce "Final Solution" their plan to kill all 9 million Jews
- Five death camps begin operation in Poland: Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka and many more
- Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as thousands of Jews are shipped to death camps
- 1943-
- Jews in the Warsaw ghetto resist as the Nazis begin new rounds of deportations.
- 1945-
- Hitler is defeated and World War 2 ends in Euope
- The holocaust is over and death camps are found emptied
- Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to take them
- 1947-
- The United Nations establish a Jewish homeland in Israel in 1948 and haven't worked very well
-Tell us about their leader(s) during WWII
-background
- Hitler born on April 20, 1889- 30 1949
- 5 siblings- 2 older
- Army
- Father did beat his
- Struggled in school
- tried to get into art school and failed
- Rose to power by the way he could speak and motivate people to follow him
- Gets put on trial and is his own lawyer and get a 5 year sentence, but gets out early for good behavior
- In prision he finished his by called Mein Kampf
- Hitler is appointed Chancellor in 1933
- President Pual Von Hindenburg dies shortly after Hitler dissolves the Weimer Republic
- Early Actions of Hitler
- Drops out of League of Nations
- Starts rearming Germany
- Rearms the German Rhienland
- 1938 the military is getting stronger and in 1938 Hitler annex Austria
- 1923 try to over throw the government
- Chancellor 1933-34
- Leader 34
- suicide
- Born in Austria
- Joined the German army in WW1
- Heinrich Himmler
- Officer candidate
- second in command
- Head of Gestapo- Hitlers personal police
- Suicide
- Joseph Goebbles
- October 29, 1897- May, 1, 1945
- Deformed leg
- Rejected from the military
- Minister enlightenment
- Propaganda leader
- Suicide
- Albert Speer
- March 19, 1905- September 1981
- Architect
- Sorry for what they did
- Moral Responsibility
- Stroke
-how they came to power
-how they lost power
-Discuss the impact of their Home front and propaganda and what it was like in their country during the war
- A lot of people got jobs in factories to build weapons and other things for the war
- The German economy was about to collapse until Hitler came in
- Hitler gave some of the people jobs
-Discuss major battle strategies
-Discuss major battles that the country was involved in
- Operation Barbarossa was the name given to Nazi Germany's invasion of Russia on June 22nd 1941
- Barbarossa the largest military attack of WW2 and was to have appalling consequences for the Russian People
-Discuss other people/generals from their country in WWII that had a major impact on the war
-Discuss why they won or lost the war
-Discuss the impact WWII had on the country
- Hermann Goring commits suicide two hours before his scheduled execution
- Russian military men are raping all women in Germany from age 8 - 80
Thursday- Notes on Germany
Friday-
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