Monday-
Italy Notes
Italy displeased with Treaty of Versailles
- wanted more land
Italy joined league of nations - 15 years later dropped it
Washington Naval Conference
5 Power Pact-
- signed by Great Britain, US, Japan, France & Italy
- designed to prevent arms race
9 Power Pact
- Guaranteed Chinese independence & Open door policy
- protected china
King Victor Emmanuel
- Asked Mussolini to take over power in Italy to keep the communists out of Italy
Kellogg Briand Pact
- countries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes
- great depression happened
Italy Invasion Ethiopia
- Italy lost
- one of the most colonial disasters in history
- sanctions put on Italy
- dropped league of nations
Spanish Civil War 1936
- Generalissimo Francisco Franco
- Hitler & Mussolini sent troops and weapons to Spain to fight off communist and help Franco win
Rome-Berlin Axis 1936
- signed official alliance between Germany and Italy
Tripartite Pact
- Germany, Japan, Italy formed alliance??
Axis Powers
Main Powers
- Germany
- Italy
- Japan
Other Powers
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Finland
- Romania
- Thailand
- Hungary
Italy Goals
- make roman empire
- make Mediterranean "Italian lake"
- take over African colonies of Britain and France - especially Egypt
- take over southeastern Europe, Greece, Albania
- take over parts of middle East
Invasion of Albania
- easy to win
Invasion of Greece
- Hard
- Germany had to bail them out
Defeat of Italy 1943
- Germany takes over Italian territory
- Italy surrendered
- US defeating Germans was hard
Why Italy lost
- weak army
- Germany had to constantly bail them out (weekend Germany)
- Italian troops spread out way to thin
- not prepared to fight
- were forced to fight
Impact on Italy
- lots of deaths
- spent $94 Billion
- Italy joined allies, did not fall for communism
- Gave millions to Italy(Marshall Plan) to help rebuild
- Became member of NATO- our alliance with Europe
- Became member of Unites Nations
Benito Mussolini Death
- tried escaping and was shot and hung for people to see
Fascism-
- government led by strong dictator
- uses intimidation
- nationalism, militarism, imperialism
Germany
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
Treaty of Versailles
- Made Germany pay for war damages
- Restrictions about its army (size, weapons, regions)
Beer Hall Putsch
- Hitler inspired by Mussolini's march on Rome
- Big Fail: Hitler had to go to hail for 8 months
Mein Kampf
- Hitlers book he wrote while in jail
- Hitlers version of events, crimes committed by government
- Talks about destruction of weak to provide space for the strong
Reichstag
- Hitler sets reichstag on fire
- blamed a communist and was sentenced to death
- used to declare there was a plot against German government and persecuted the communist party
-Discuss basic facts: alliance, total casualties, total cost, war goals, etc
Chancellor
- Paul Van Hindenburg, hated Hitler
- Received pressure by people in his government
- died of lung cancer
- once chancellor, Hitler had control of all the legislative and executive branches of the German government
- social democratic party was banned
Night of the long knives
- Hitler was suspicious about lots of soldiers
- ordered people to kill opponents and do a purge in his party
- conflicts between army and SA
Fuhrer
- Hitler called himself Fuhrer
Rhineland
- land germany and frnace fought over
- germany had to leave
Kristallnacht
- Night of Broken Glass
- boy killed nazi boy was a jew
- hitler used it as an examlpe of increased violence by the jews on german people
Plan Z and Final Solution
- final solution was a plan to kill jews
- plan Z was to make mass production of weapons
- consisted of gassing, shootings, disease and starvation
Invasions
- Austria
- invaded Prague (Czechoslovakia)
- Invaded Poland - war started
Hitlers Main Goals
A final reckoning with the Jews
- forcible acquisition of Lebnstraum (living space)
Alliances
- Germany, Italy, Japan
Adolf Hitler
- Dropped out of high school
- Homeless -parents died
- Fighting for Germany in WWI
- Blinded by gas attack
- war was over and he wanted to get revenge
- believed in "Stab in the back theory"
- German politics as leader of the National Socialist German
- Chancellor - Dictator
- Caused WW2 and holocaust
- didnt want Nazis to marry other religions
Home front
- construction or roads and railroads
- forced labor of prisoners
- mass production of food and weapons
- got rid of weak old people
- rationing food
Propaganda
- Hitler was a good speaker
- Used great depression
- Joseph Goebbels was minister of the propaganda
Goebbles
- Ensures nobody in Germany could read see or hear something that could be damaging to the Nazi party
- Nazi propaganda seen everywhere (posters)
Jews
- Different laws, schools, stores, streets
Hitler Youth Camps
- take boys 10-18
- teach them to do bad things
- became mandatory
BDM
- sew uniforms
- take care of children and wounded soldiers
- give birth to pure children
- worked in factories
Battles
- Battle of Britain
Why they lost
- not prepared for the cold
- surrounded by enemies
- forces from east and west were pushing
- Hitler was overconfident
- Taking the three biggest cities of Russia - failed
- bad at making war strategies
- long supply lines
- Germany declared war on America
- Lost war and kept fighting to show loyalty
Impact on Country
- strategies made to control Germany
- disgraced because of the holocaust
- financially destroyed - poverty
Impacts on today life (Germany)
- rarely national pride (compared to America- national anthem)
- taught in school about WW2
- visit a memorial from a concentration camp
- National anthem is shortened
Bruns Notes for Germany
Treaty of Versailles
- Lost land and colonies to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia
- Hitler Invaded - France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia ?????
- Military consequences
- military dismantled and didnt have to worry about another war
- army reduced to 100,000 men
- reduced building of ships and aircraft things
- had to pay $33 billion to the allies (Great Britain/France)
German reaction to Treaty of Versailles
- mad because it focused on punished on Germany
- no option to sign treaty without going back into war
- signed treaty
Hitler as baby
- abused as child
- made art and sold for money
- both parents dead by age 20
- failed to get into Austrian army (his own country) and joined Germany army
- bad kid in school
Beer hall
- failed
Hitlers trial
- sentenced in prison for 5 years
- wrote mein kampf about his struggle
Hitler rise to power
- appointed to chancellor
- President Paul Hindenburg dies shortly after and hitler dissolves the Weimer Republic
- Early actions
- drops league of nations
- rearming Germany
- rearms German Rhineland area
Munich Conference-Chamberlain "peace for our time"
- hitler given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
- hitler promised he was taking over territories
- hitler wanted to reunite German speaking people
- became known as "Policy of Appeasement"
Winston Churchill opposed Appeasement
Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia
- Hitler takes over war
Nazi-Soviet Non aggression act
- Russia gave Germany raw materials in exchange for money and weapons
- 3 axis powers Germany Italy Japan!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Secretly agreed to invade Poland. Germany get western half, USSR get eastern side
- Russia get Finland. German get Lithuania
How people reacted to this
- US stayed out of it
- Shock
- Poland was scared
- Hitler thought this deal would get GB and France to back down
Blitzkrieg- The Phony War
- took over Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Denmark Norway France
- involved troops tanks air force
Hitler wanted
Muno conference *************************************************************************************************************************************
Trade agreement
not to fight
split Poland
6 countries hitler invaded in 1940
- Denmark Norway Belgium France Netherlands Luxembourg
Miracle of Dunkirk
- in France, Germans pushing troops back into France
- hitler orders troops to stop and wait for tanks to come in
- allowed 100's of France and Britain to escape and go to GB??
-France surrenders June, 1940
Axis invasion of the Balkans (Yugoslavia)
- hitler took over Balkan peninsula- Greece
10 countries Hitler invaded
- Poland Albania Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Belgium France Netherlands Luxembourg
Winston Churchill
- ???????????????????
Nazi Goals
- Destroy royal air force
- attack British navy
- attack British troops
- once air control was gained invasion of great Britain would begin
- Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
- German bombers did so poorly against RAF they started bombing at night only
- GB was aided heavily by radar and Ultra
- Ultra- code name for intersepter with German code
German Invasion of USSR
- 3 major cities
- Moscow, Linen-broad, Stalingrad
- surrendered because not many people
Scorched Earth Policy
- burn everything so German's cant use it
Battle for Moscow
- The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive December 6 1941 - April 30 1941
- Russian winter set n and make is a huge turning point in the war
- Hitler couldn't win because he didnt get Moscow in 6 months
Siege of Leningrad
- surrounded Leningrad
- Russians died from staving
- cannibals
Germany invade North Africa 1942?
- General Rommel
Italian Campaign
- George Patton leads american troops
- We weren't fighting Italy, German troops in Italy
Atlantic Wall
- Hitler knew invasion of France was coming
- had people build wall
- knew D Day was coming
D-Day
- day we invade France
- Eisenhower concerned with hitler getting the news
- worried about giving miss information out
- sent troops to the clay
- June 6, 1944 - August 25
- invasion of France across English channel
Normandy Landing
- June 6, 1944
July 20 Assassination Plot
- month after D Day German thought hitler was insane
- thought he had dementia or Parkinson
- people wanted to kill him
- tried to blow him up but he survived??
- hitler allowed Germany to be destroyed and would not surrender
Liberation of Paris
- hitler took over Paris
- good day for France and allies
Battle of Bulge
- hitler wouldn't surrender
- made huge line
- circle around sea and take over Paris
- failed
Hitler Commits Suicide
- April 30, 1945
- him and his wife take pills and shoot themselves
V-E Day
- Victory in Europe Day
- May 8, 1945 ********************************
- still fighting Japan
Nazi Propaganda (persuasive advertising)
- war impacted Germany split into 4 zones , 2 countries
- west-demo east-republican (Germany)
- Marshall Plan- we gave them money??
- Examples:
- hitler with young kids- to make people think he is good
- try to be anti-jew
- very nationalistic
The Holocaust
- 6 million jew & 12 million people killed
- A program state-sponsored to kill people
- genocide- purposely killing mass amount of people
- Always asked: What should we do with the jews?
- first thing he suspended communist rights
- jews lost all jobs
Inferior to Hitler
- Jews
- Gypsies
- Handicapped
- Homo-Sexual
- Soviet Union
- Dark skinned
- Poles
- Communist/Socialist
- Mixed races
Aryan Race
- blond hair
- blue eye
- tall
- muscular
- breed babies to look like that
Lebensborn-Fount of Life
- get women to have babies so there would be no room in Germany
Nuremburg Law
- took away jews citizcen ship removing rights
- jews could only marry jews
- if you had 3 or more jewish grandparents you were a jew
Kristallnacht "Night of broken glass"
- nazis ruined businesses and churches
- 91 died
- jews sent to prison
Jews 1938-1939-1940
- jews banned from school
- separated people by wearing arm bands
- Nazis deport German jews to Poland
- jews forced to ghettos
- Nazis begin killing jews
- hitler burned jews people to get rid of evidence
1942 Final Solution
- plan to kill all European jews
- US didnt do much to stop it because we could have bombed them because they weren't a military objective?
1943
- jews hold out for a nearly month before Nazis put down the uprising
- some groups fought back
1945
- war over
- hitler defeated and WWII ends in Europe
- Holocaust over death camps found
- Israel is home place for jews
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