December 7th- 11th (WWI Notes)

[3Jenny]

Monday- WWI Notes

Central Powers- Bad Guys

• Germany
• Austria- Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria 

Allied Powers- Good Guys

• Great Britain
• France
• Italy
• Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm- Germany

Czar Nicholas- Russia

Characteristics of Europe a Late 1800's and Early 1900's

• Very nationalistic
• Willing to go to war to protect interests and national honor
• Industrialization was occurring
• Population was increasing 
• People were moving from rural areas to the city-urbanization 
• Many people were in poverty
• Due to poverty, many people turned to labor unions and socialism
• Countries competed with one another for markets, was materials and colonies
• Countries also traded a lot with each other 
• Imperialism
  • Created "Spheres of influence" in Africa and Asia 
  • Alliances Developed 
  • Armies and navies were built up (militarism) 

Tuesday- WWI Notes

Causes of WWI

• Militarism
  • Had to have the biggest and best weapons 
• Imperialism
  • Wanting more land for resources and money
• Nationalism 
  • Patriotic-Thinking they were better than every other country
• Economic Competition
  • Countries were competing for money (Natural resources
• System of Alliances (Alliances)
  • Forming bonds with other countries to protect each other (you're afraid of something going wrong, so you find backups)
  • Formed dislikes and less trust between countries
• Assassination 

Poederkeg-Balkan Peninsula

• Place where were ethical problems 
• Ethic groups didn't get along with each other
• Southwest Europe
• Why?
  • Area of intense hatred of different ethics- any minute a war could breakout 

Austria-Hungry

• It was a multi-national, duel monarchy (two kings -one for Austria and one for Hungarians)
• Had eleven major ethic groups
• Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest
  • Both made up less than 50% of the population
• Many different languages, religions, and customs
• The government hated nationalism
  • Didn't want all the ethic groups to break into different countries
• The Austrian-Hungarian government despised Serbians and Serbia
  • "Serbian Menace"
• Serbia wanted to make the Serbians living in Austria-Hungary, part of a "Greater Serbia"
• The Black Hand was created in Serbia
  • Secret organization whose goal it was to unite all Serbs by any means necessary
• Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia in Sarajevo, igniting the Powderkeg, starting WWI

Chain of Events

• A. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
• B. Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia
• C. Serbia refuses to accept ultimatum
• D. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
  • 1. Only after Germany gives them a promise of support
• E. Russia mobilized to support Serbia
• F. Germany declares war on Russia
  • 1. Hoped to knock Russia out of war quickly to avoid a two-fronted war
    • a. Why would Germany want to avoid a two-fronted war?
      • stretched thin (military)
• G. Frances enters war to help Russia
• H. Great Britain enters war to help France after Germany attacks France through neutral Belgium

WWI War Goals

• Territories
  • France-
    • Coal from Germany
    • cripple Germany's military
    • Get German colonies in Africa
    • Get Turkish colonies in the Mid-East 
  • Great Britain-
    • Land
    • Get German colonies in Africa
    • Turkish colonies in Mid-East
  • Italy-
    • Wanted land from Austria-Hungary 
  • Russia- 
    • Land from Turkey
  • Austria-Hungary-
    • Self preservation
  • Germany-
    • part of France
    • Most of Russia
    • Luxembourg and Belgium
    • "Sphere of influence"
    • French and British colonies in Africa 
  • United States-
    • win and end war
    • Wilson's 14 points

The Von Schlieffen 

• Avoid two-sided wars
• Invade France through Belgium
• move into Paris
• Entrap all troops
  • Supposed to be under a month
• After that, we would go get Russia
  • This is when they started to build trenches

Wednesday- Semester Test blog workday 

Thursday- WWI Notes

Three Types of Trenches

• Front line- where troops were
  • 20-100 yards between each other
• Support- could become Front line
• Reserve- 3rd trench back
• "No man's land"

Trench weapons

• Flasks for water
• Flare pistil 
• Trench club
• Grenades 
• pistils- German Lugar, US Colt
• Bayonets 
• Flamethrowers
• Machine Guns -US Browning M1917 
• Gas Warfare 
• Tanks- British "Little Willie" tank, French Renault Light Tank
• Artillery 
• Submarines/U-boats (used a lot by Germans)
• Zeppelins- blimps (spying and bombing)
• Airplanes- SPAD XIII, Sopwith Pup

Baron Manfred von Richtofen

• The Red Baron
  • From Germany 

Turkish Massacre of the Americans

• Turks were enemies
• Turks hated Armenians
• Forcing them out of their territory  

Friday- 

President Woodrow Wilson

• 1912 election against Taft and Roosevelt
• Democrat
• President of WWI

Neutrality

• President Wilson declared that the US be neutral when War broke out
• 1. "Impartial in thought as well as in action"
• 2. Neutrality was successful for three years
• New Diplomacy was taking place
  • not picking sides but worrying about ourselves

1916 Election

• Woodrow Wilson (D)- Incumbent
• Charles Evans Hughes (R)
• Wilson won
  • Platform was: "He kept us out of war"
  • Even though they got in war right after he was elected

Causes for US involvement in WWI

• Great Britain and Germany were both stopping US ships
  • Eventually US drew closer to war and Allies
• German sinking of British ships and killing of US citizens
  • A. Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
  • Like the Titanic 
  • British Passenger ship- you must give a warning before sinking it (saving the passengers)
• Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare

Sussex Pledge

• President Wilson to Germany: "End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of war"
• Germany responded on May 4, 1916 with the "Sussex Pledge" Germany submarine policy:
  • end the sinking of passenger ships
  • search merchant ships for contraband and make it able to passengers and crews to get off
• Germans guarantees were honored until the announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917
• Zimmerman Note- 
  • Germany tied to get Mexico to declare war on the US
  • Germany promised Mexico that they would get the Mexican Cession back if they won "Texas and southern states"
  • Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe 

Reasons for war

• Beliefs of War Hawks
  • Teddy Roosevelt
• Trade with England increased
  • Trade with Germany decreased as years went on
  • $3 billion in 1916 with England
• British and American Propaganda
• Preparedness Program (1915)
  • US stated arming and preparing for war

Key Questions

•Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s

•Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war

•Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to

•Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that

•Be able to identify the event that started WWI

•Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved

•Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI

•Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914

•Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers

•Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify how the convoy system works and the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel

•Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total

•Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war

•Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was

•Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points

•Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe

•Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles