December 7-11

Monday- talked about semester tests. Started WWI

alliance- friends in war time; not gonna hurt each other during wars

Kaiser Wilhelm- Germany

•Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s

very nationalistic
willing to go to war to protect interests and national honor
industrialization was occurring
population was increasing
people were moving from rural areas to the city- urbanization
many people were in poverty
due to poverty, many people turned to labor unions and socialism
countries competed with one another for markets, raw materials and colonies
countries also traded a lot with each other
Imperialism became common
- created "spheres of influence" in Africa and Asia
Alliances developed
- Triple Alliance
  - Germany, Austria- Hungary & Italy
- Triple Entente
  - Great Britain, France, & Russia
Armies and Navies were built up (militarism)

•Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war

Militarism
Imperialism
Nationalism
Economic Competition
- Great Britain, France and Germany were competing worldwide for colonies, natural resources, and markets
System of Alliances
- countries that you form bonds with in the time of war
- forming alliances means you don't trust other countries
Assassination

•Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to

Central Powers
- Germany
- Austria
- Hungary
Allied Powers
- Ireland
- Canada
- Serbia
- Portugal
- Russia
Neutral Power
- Spain
- Norway
- Sweden
- Switzerland

•Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that

Southeastern Europe
lot of ethnic problems (Bosnians, Serbians, Corations) - reason for name
all thrown into Austria- Hungary
Keg of Gunpowder (very explosive)

Austria- Hungary
- multi-national, dual monarchy
- 11 major ethnic groups
- Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest
  - both made up less than 50% of the population
- many different languages, religions, customs
- government hated nationalism because they thought people would want their own country
- Government despised Serbians and Serbia
  - "The Serbian Menace"
- Serbia wanted to make the Serbians living in Austria-Hungary, part of a "Greater Serbia"

•Be able to identify the event that started WWI

Black Hand was created in Serbia
- - secret organization whose goal it was to unite all Serbs by any means necessary
  - Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia in Sarajevo, igniting Powerkeg, starting WWI
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Austria- Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia
Serbia refuses t accept ultimatum
Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia
- Only after Germany gives them a promise of support
Russia mobilizes to support Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
- Hoped to knock Russia out of war quickly to avoid a two-fronted war?
  - Why would Germany want to avoid a two- fronted war
France enters war to help Russia
Great Britain enters war to help France after Germany attacks France through neutral Belgium

•Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved

there weren't enough any real goals at first, but as time went on and casualties and costs increased, winning territory was a must
France
- Regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany
- Cripple Germany's military
- Get German colonies in Africa
- Get Turkish colonies in the Mid- East
Great Britain
- Get German colonies in Africa
- Get Turkish colonies in Mid- East
Italy
- Wanted land from Austria- Hungary
Russia
- Wanted control of the Dardnelle and Bosporus Straits in Turkey
Austria- Hungary
- self preservation
Germany
- Wanted part of France
- Wanted Luxembourg and Belgium
- Make Austria-Hungary and the Balkans a "sphere of influence"
- Take over French and British colonies in Africa
Untied States
- win and end the war
- Wilson's 14 points

Von Schlieffen

Germany's war plan to invade Belgium, France, and then Russia on a two-sided fight

Trenches

Front Line
Support
Reserve
"No Man's Land"

Trench Weapons

Flasks
Flare pistol
Trench club
Bayonet
Knife
Grenade launchers
Gas mask
Flamethrowers
Grenades
Machine Guns
Pistols
Gas Warfare
- Tear gas- police use in times of rowdy crowds
  - blind you for short time
  - dangerous for eyes and lungs
  - gas mask helped
- Chlorine gas- could kill you
  - Gas mask didn't do very good
  - caused internal bleeding
- Mustard Gas- most dangerous
  - used when exposed to moist skin
  - starts blistering
  - massive internal bleeding
  - gas mask didn't help
Tanks
- British "Little Willie" Tank
- French Renault Light Tank
Artillery
- German Krupp RR Gun
- German "Big Bertha"
- US "Calamity Jane Howitzer"
Submarines
- German U-Boats
- US Subs
Zeppelins
Zeppelin Bombs
USS South Carolina
US Floating Mine
Airplanes
- SPAD XIII
- Sopwith Pup

Turkish Massacre of the Armenians

forced Armenians out of one area into another area
we were going to call it a genocide
we didn't because we wanted to be able to go to Turkey
wasn't a systematically genocide
more known as an ethnic cleansing

•Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI

•Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914

NEUTRALITY
- President Wilson declared that the US was to be neutral when WWI broke out
- "Impartial in thought as well as in action"
- Neutrality was successful for three years
1916 Election
- Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)- Incumbent
- Charles Evans Hughes (Republican
- Wilson won
  - platform was: "He kept us out of war"

•Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers

Great Britain and Germany were both stopping US ships
German sinking of British ships and killing the US citizens
- Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare
Sussex Pledge
- Wilson to Germany: "End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations"
- Germany responds on May 4, 1916 with the "Sussex Pledge." Germany submarine policy:
  - end the sinking of passenger ships
  - search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passengers and crews before sinking merchant ships
- Germans guarantees were generally honored until announcement of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917
Zimmermann Note
- coded telegram sent by Foreign Secretary
- Germany tried to get Mexico to declare war on the US
- Germany promised Mexico that they would get the Mexican Cession back if they won
- Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
Beliefs of War Hawks
- Teddy Roosevelt
Trade with England increased
- trade with Germany decreased as years went on
  - $3 billion in 1916 with England
British and American Propaganda
Preparedness Program (1915)
- US started arming and preparing for war

•Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify how the convoy system works and the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel

•Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total

•Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war

•Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was

•Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points

•Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe

•Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles

Tuesday- continued notes above

Wednesday- worked on semester tests

Thursday- continued notes

Friday- notes

Blogs

December 7-11

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