- Imperialism
- when a strong country takes over a smaller country
- European countries wanted part of Asia and most of Africa
- other place
- Militarism
- countries intermationally were growing their armies
- wanted to protect empirs and colonies
- further national pride
- Tried to out-do each other
- weapons, amount of men, ect.
- 1914 most allied nations had strong, well built military
- Germany attempted to build a more stronger navy than Great Britian
- Nationalism
- havein strong pride for the nation
- Austria-Hungary=one main focal point of nationalistic tendencies
- Almost 40 nationalities
- important ones: Czechs, Slovakians, Poles, and Slavs
- Austrian and Hungary= main power
- This caused resntment to other nationalities
- Resentment made nationalities want to break away from the Empire
- Russia was a Slavic nation
- Encouraged Slavs to break away from A-H Empire a few times
- Alliances-Triple Entente
- Great Britian
- France
- Russia
- How it formed:
- Germany refused to sign a peace treaty with Russia
- France was almost to war between Germany and another hostile European Central Power
- GB and France made peace
- Triple Alliance
- Germany
- A-H
- Italy
- France made it so Italy couldn't advance forward by controlling Tunis
- upset Italy
- Alliances
- Allied Powers
- Japan
- US
- Great Britian
- France
- Russia
- Italy
- Central Powers
- Germany
- A-H
- Ottoman Empire
- Kingdom of Bulgaria
- Allied Powers
3. What were the goals of WWI for all the Major countries involved?
-USA Golas
- Make WWI the very last of wars
- USA wanted to peacfully end the war
- USA wanted to stop unrestricted warfare by the Germans
- Make the world safe for democracy
-Germany's Goals
- wanted Great Britain's territories in Africa
- Isolate France
-Austro-Hungarian's Goals
- Control Serbia
- Control the Ottoman Empire
- Defend the Border between Italy and Austria-Hungary
-French Goals
- Average previous Military defeats
- Cripple German industrial capacity
- Become the Dominate Continental Power-they really werent
- Great Britain's goals
- Maintain Superpower Status, as #1 Nation in the world
- Abate the german threat
- protect France and Belgium
-Italy's Goals
- Take over germany's colomies in Africa
- Divert attention from Domestic Issues
-Russia's Goals
- Eliminate Germany
- Gain control of the Bosphorus
4. What were some of the major land battles prior to the US involvment?
- Battle of Guise
- Battle of Guise-St. Quentin
- started by French Army
- 8/29/1914
- French and Germany fought
- Germany won
- Battle of Cambri- 1917
- tanks were first used and became popular
- Germany and UK
- stalemate
- First battle of Champagne- 1914
- French commander was determined to win
- France and Germany
- stalemate
- Battle of Mulhouse
- August 7, 1914
- strategie plan 17
- french were really good at battle tactics
- Germany and French- French offensive (French attacked germany)
- Germany won
- Battle of Verdun
- Britian was Germans biggest competiton
- france was Britains greasts ally
- if french were defeated then british was defeated as well
- Henri-philippe Petain- french General
- Feburary21,1916-December 19, 1916
- was on of the lengnthies battles
- French won
- Battle of the LiegeBattle of Somme
- first battle of WWI
- commanded by Karl von Bulow the Liege in Belgium
- Germany's 2nd army of 320,000 men
- Why?
- to get to France
- Attacke started on August 5, 1914
- Balgiams still controlled m the end of the day
- On August 15, Germany won the battle and continued to France
- July 1, 1916- november
- it was a plan by the British to inflict heavy losses to the German Army
- To help ou the French at Verdun
- General for the British was Douglas Haig
- Generals for the Germans were Max Von Galwitz and Fritz Von Below
- it started with a week long artillery bonbardment at the Germans. 1,738,000 shells were fired at Germans
- British-420,000 casualties
- Germans- 600,000 casualties
- French- 200,000 casualties
- Theory of Attrition
- British and French won- 30 mile strip that was 7 miles deep at most
- Battle of Ypres
- October 19-November 22,1914
- Great Britian, France, Belgium, and Germany
- Stratigic position
- to the north of ypres, canals and river link ypres to the ocean
- all major roads converged at Ypres
- to the south the land rises 50 ft/ mesen ridge
- Fighting and Casualties
- Fighting was fierce and niether side could claim Ypres
- Weather made fighting difficult because of all the mud
- Germans attacked with deadly chlorine gas
- Canadians used hankerchiefs soaked in water to protect themselves
- Casulties-Totla deaths on both sides was 1.7 million
- the Allies won when the Americans joined in 1917
- the last shot was fired on October 14, 1918
5. What were some of the major naval battles?
- The Norht Sea
- Main body of naval war
- Britian tried blocking Germany off from trade and reasources
- The First Battle of Heligoland Bight
- August 28, 1914
- Uk vs. Germany
- First maval battle of WWI
- UK- 35 killed 55 wounded 1 ight cruiser heavily damaged
- Germany- 712 killed 149 wounded 336 captured
- Cyser willhelm
- Battle of Coronel
- November 1, 1914
- UK vs. Germany
- UK- 1,570 men killed 2 cruisers lost and general was killed
- Germany 3 wounded
- Battle of the Falkland Islands
- December 8, 1914
- Britian vs. Germany
- UK- 10 killed 19 wounded no ships lost
- German- 1,8 71 killied 215 captured general died
6. What were ther US reactions to WWI starting in 1914?
- Unrestricted submarine warfare was the main reason-april 2
- Woodrow wilson- wanted the US to remain neutral in this conflict, US entered and declared war on April 6
- Lusitania
- attacked by German Uboats
- 1of 90 ships destroyed by german uboats
- 1200people kille 128 americans
- Arther Zimmerman
- Zimmerman note
- sent january 16, 1917
- sent german secretary Zimmerman to Mexico
- Mexico to regain land
- convinced congress to declare war against Germany-1917
- proposed a military alliance against theUS
- statin the US was in danger of war
7. What were the causes for the US involvment?-on #6
8. What were the major land battles for the US in WWI? MINE
9. What were the major military strategies for winning the war for both Allied and Central Powers?
- The Schlieffen Plan (Germany
- main idea of the plan was to wim a two-front wat by frist quickly defeating France in the west, and then turn east to fight Russia
- The plan scheduled 39 days for the fall of Paris and 42 for the capitulation of France
- They nmust do this before the Russian Steammroller would be able to mobilise and descend upon East Prussia, so they had time to turn around
- The Schlieffen ended up failing because Germany's right flank of German soliders advaanced too quick leaving the supplies too far behind
- they wer also slowed down bby the British because the British had promised to keep Belgium neutral and safe
- One ot the major drawbacks of the Schlieffen Plan was that it called for the invasion of neutral states in order to pass German troops to France
- Plan 17 (France)
- General Joseph Joffre presented Plan in 1913
- When Germany had declared war in 1914, France began Plan with 5 intiatives also known as the Battle of the Frontiers:
- Battle of Mulhouse
- " " " " Lorraine
- " " " " the Ardennes
- " " " " Charleroi
- " " " " Mons
- not like the other plans thin plan was a plan of concentration and it didn't include a fized military strategy
- Plan G (Russia)
- Russia had put together 2 diggerent plans for WW1 which were Plan G, and Plan A aka Plan 19
- Plan G was made in case Germany would do an all out attack against Russia, Which was the exact opposite of what actuall happened
- Plan 19
- was less drastic withe its initial sacrifive of Russian manpower
- Russia's Frendh partners wanter them to have more of an offensivewar strategy
- plan 19 was made by General Danilov greatly modified in 1912 and if Germany didn't attack the French first this wouldn't have worked
- This deint the case 2 Russian armies would go to East Prussia and to Silesia on route to central Fermany
- Russia at the same time would make use of a fortress
- AEF
- All of the military personal, wquiptment and weaponry, medical staff, support and maintenance suppliesm was sent to the western front bu Wilson
- The first american troops were called Doughboys which first landed in Europe
- The AEF left all their weapons behind and used French and British weapons
- Plan B and R
- R ended up failing because the Central powers ended up losing the war
- A-H choose plan R
- were going to split their divisions in to 2 segments (Austria- Hungary)
- UK/Britian
- eventual put blockades on Germany
- and did well
10. What were some of the weapons of WWI?
- Rifle
- Advantages
- most widely used
- 1400 meters was average range
- could be operated by one soldier
- Disadvantages
- Accuracy was only 600 meters
- had to take time to refill it
- Machine Gun
- Advantages
- kill many people at once
- long range
- other countries had to make ne fighting strategies
- Disadvantages
- Ammunition was heavy
- Gun itself was bigger and heavier
- Inaccurate compare to rifle
- often got overheated
- took 2-3 people to move and fire
- Germany- best
- French- worst
- Bayonets
- Adv.
- new ones were produced enabling soldiers to shoot with bayonet still in place
- Defensive weapon
- used with close contact fighting
- used for food
- Dis
- Not everyone was well trained with the bayonet
- risk getting shot
- Gas
- Adv.
- kill many people at once
- Dis
- Gas masks
- had to carry around
- ran out fast
- First used by the french
- Grenades
- Adv.
- killed people in large amounts
- could be thrown into an exact location
- Dis
- Tiring to carry around
- ran out quickly
- Torpedoes
- Used by submarines
- Germans used them
- Used to blow up ships from America-Britain
- Zeppelin
- Air Ship (Blimp)
- Rigid so it could be bigger
- Powerful engines
- Metal
- gasbags with helium
- carried weapons
- abandoned quickly
- Planes
- Adv
- weapons could be delivered fast to the soldiers
- spied on other people
- Dis
- could be shot down
- "Dog fights" (fighter planes)
- Tanks
- Used for the first time in WW1
- Needed 3 people
- Max speed- 3mph
- couldnt cross trenches
- new tanks wer made toward the end of the war
11. Describe trench warfare.
- Definitions:
- warfare in which the opposing forced attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed-wire entanglaement
- Combat in which each side has a system of protective trenches
- Problems in the trenches
- rat peoblems (1 pair = 900 offspring)
- smell of rotting bodies
- trench fever caused
- death
- trench foot - starts at athletes foot then amputated
- Frogs
- Many more
12. Describe what happened on the US Home Front in WWI.
- Military Draft
- The Selective Service Act
- Authorized a draft for males between 18 and 45
- prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions
- 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million were actually drafted
- Women
- had to take charge of men's jobe for the first time in history
- worked in assembly lines of factories producing tanks, trucks and other war material
- had to work in department stores, elevator operators, make meals that were nutritious but conserved food
- worked in the Red Cross and helped soldiers and their families
- Food
- US Food Administration made a campagn that taught the US how to manage their food
- Gross farm income increased more than 230% from 1914 to 1919
- They had "Wheatless Mondays" and "Meatless Tuesdays"
- The Great Migration
- In the war 14% more African Americanslost their lives compared to the whites
- African Americans did not agree with this
- African Americans had set up protestsagainst discrimination
- African Americans went from southern towns to dig northern cities
- The Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed
- If you said/did anything that was against America's involvment in WWl you were punished
- Questioned anything thatUS did about the war you were punished
- usually a heavy fine or arrested
- Economy
- When the war degan the US economy was in recession
- Being involved with the war shifted the national produstion in goos
- Un- employed declined from7.9% to 1.4%
- The tax rate on income was $50,000 and increased by 18%
- war bonds- people loaning money to the government
13. Describe Wilson's 14 Points.
- Woodrow wilson came up with 14 pointsto end the war
- No more secret alliances between countries
- Free navigation of the seas
- An end to all economic and trade barriers between nations
- A general reduction of arms to ensure peblic saftey
- Decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
- The German Army was to be removed from Russia, so it could politically develope itself without forced help
- Belgium should be evacuated and restored
- France should be evacuated and fully liberated, including the Alsace-Lorrraine
- The clear readjustment of the Italian border
- Independence for variious national groups in Austria-Hungary
- The Balkan States should be restored with freedom of the seas for Serbia (Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro)
- The Turkish people should be allowed to govern themselves; independence for Turkey. Also, the Dardanelles should be permanently open for access
- Poland should have idependence as well as freedom of the seas
- A league of nations should be developed in order to protect world peace
14. Describe the points of the Treaty of Versailles.
- peace settlement was signed after WWl
- LOOK AT AMY'S
15. Why did the US never pass the Treaty of Versailles?
- LOOK AT AMY'S
16. Why did the Allied Powers win WWI?
- Major Mistakes
- Germany frontal attacks
- Navy in willing to fight
- The u-boat war
- Failed the Von Schiffen Plan
- Allies Naval Blockade
- one of the greatest moves for the Allies
- Blocked all supplies from getting in to Germany from seas
- Great Britain thrived fron this
- Tanks
- Development of Tanks came into picture in WWl
- Before them, Germany only had defensive weapons
- War over
- ended on november 11th 1918
- all fighting ended at 11am
- Biggest reason for winning
- good supplies and blockade
17. Describe the impact WWI had on the world.
- Govermnent Changes
- After WWl, Socialism became more popular in the European countries
- Even more popular was the republic type of government
- Before the war there were 19 monarchs and 3 republics in Eurpoe, and after there were 13 Monarchs and 14 republics
- Economic Changes
- Production of techonological advances skyrocketed
- the use of machinery to do tasks humans would normally have to doo and the newly made 8 hour work day gave a boost to the economy
- Europe had major dept after the war. Owing its allies as much as $10 billion
- They rapidly printed money to try to fix this problem
- physiological Effect
- People lost their trust in political leaders and government officials
- people wer wondering why the war was fought at all
- they no longer thought that the government could serve the best intrests of the people
- a grim acceptance of reality replaced the optimisitc dreams of their ancestors
- Espionage Act of 1917
- Prohibited and attempt to interfere with military operations, to support US enemies during war time, to promote insubordination during war time, or to interfere with recruitment
- still changed today
18. How did countries react to the Treaty of Versailles?
- France thought that the restrictions were to lenient
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