December 12- December 16

[5 Tara]

December 12 (Monday)- Contined 11.3 Started 13.1 Notes below

December 13 (Tuesday)- Finished 13.1. Started 13.2 

December 14 (Wednesday)- Finished 13.2 Started 13.3 

December 15  (Thursday)- Finished 13.3

December 16 (Friday)- Kate did her presentation on feudalism and we started 13.4

The Mongols 

• The Mongols were just a group of nNomadic clans along the Asian steppes 
• In the early 1200's Genghis Khan unified the Mongols and conquered China 
• Eventually Khan turned towards the west and razed cities and slaughtered whole populations 

Mongols Siege Baghdad 

• Khans grandson Hulagu led the mongols to the outskirts of Baghdad 
• Hulagu would eventually take Baghdad and burned downed Caliph's palace and had over tens of thousands of people killed 

Mongols Empire 

• Hulagu executed the last Abbasid by having him trampled by horses 
• With brutality Khan and his successors had shaped the biggest land empire in history 

Fall of the Mongols 

• Didn't know how to administ their territory 
• Lack of knowing to administer their territory their empire only lasted a few generations 

Rise of the Ottomans 

• Out of the Rubble of the Mongol empire rose another group of Turks- The Ottomans 
• They would come build and rule an empire that lasted into the 20th Century 

Feudalism in Europe 

Key Questions

1. Who were the 3 groups of people that invaded Western Europe? And how did they impact Western Europe 
2. Describe feudalism

Introduction 

• France was the main military power 
• Invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire 
• Muslims invaded from the South and seized Italy and raided Italy 
• Muslims sacked Rome
• Magyar invaders struck from the east 
• Vikings struck from the North 

Vikings

• Set sail in Scandinavia 
  • Denmark, Norway, Sweedan
• Viking were Germanic people 
• Worshipped war like gods 
• Nicknames like Eric Bloodaxe or Thorfinn Skullsplitter 
• Attacked very quickly 
  • Beached ships, struck quickly, went back out to sea 
  • Gone before locals could defend 

Viking Ships 

• Held 300 warriors 
• Had 72 oars 
• Carved head of a sea monster 
• Sometimes weighed 20 tons 
• Sail 3 feet of water 

Vikings Jobs 

• Warriors 
• Traders 
• Farmers 
• Explorers 

Vikings Travels 

• Down rivers into heart of Russia 
• Constantinople 
• Icy waters of North Atlantic

Viking Downfall 

• Viking Explorer 
  • Leif Erison reached North America 
• As Vikings accepted Christianity, they stopped raiding monasteries 
• Farming was easy in Scandinavia due to warm climate in Europe 
  • Fewer Scandinavian's became Viking warriors 

Magyars 

• Group of nomadic people 
• Attacked from East- Hungary (usually on horse)
  • Northern Italy
  • Burgundy
  • Rhineland 
• Danube River 
• Western Europe in late 800's 
• Took captives and sold them as slaves

Muslims 

• Struck from the South 
  • North Africa 
  • Italy 
  • Spain
• First plan was to conquer and settle in Europe 
• After their goal was to plunder (completely take over) 
• Attacked settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts 
• Switzerland 

Invasions Take Over

• Invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread suffering and disorder 
• Europe lived in danger
• Kings couldn't defend land from invasion 
• People no longer looked to a central ruler 
  • Looked to a local ruler
• Leaders who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength 

A New Social Order: Feudalism 

• Key Terms 
  • Lord, Fief, Vassal, Knights, Serfs
• In 911, 2 former enemies- Rollo (head of vikings) and Charles the Simple (king of France) have a peace ceremony
• Charles's solution to the Vikings invasions was- he gave Rollo and his men a big piece of French territory 
• It became known as the Northmen's land (or Normandy) 
• In return Rollo swore to pledge loyalty to the king 

Feudalism Structures Society 

• With all the invasions going on ememy leaders gradually would start to make agreements throughout Europe 
• The system of governing and landholding called Feudal System was becoming known in Europe 
• The Feudal System was based on rights and obligations 
• With exchange of military service a Lord (a landowner) would grant land called a Fief 
• The person receiving the Fief was a Vassal 
• Rollo (vassal) and Charles (lord) were a great example of this system working 

The Feudal Pyramid 

• Pyramid 
• King 
• Vassals (wealthy landowners, nobles, or bishops) 
• Knights (mounted horsemen that protected their lords land in return for riefs) 
• Landless peasants 

Social Classes are Well Defined 

• In the feudal system your status determined your power 
• The medieval writers had 3 peoples groups 
  • Those who fought (Nobles and knights) 
  • Those who prayed (Men and women of the church) 
  • Those who worked (The peasants) 
• Vast majority were peasants 
• Most peasants were serfs (people who couldn't leave the place they were born unless their lord gave them permission) 
• Serfs weren't slaves (can't be bought or sold) just worked for their lord 

Economics 

• In the middle ages, the Manor system was the basic economic arrangement 
• Manor system was an economic and social system of medical Europe
• All legal and economic power belonged to the lord of the manor who was supported economically from his land
• The Manor system rested on a set of rights between a lord and his serfs  

A Self-Contained World 

• The peasants never traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor 
• Manor usually only covered a few square miles of land (more like huts) 
• Typically the manor only included the lord's manor house, a church, and workshops 
• Usually only 15-30 families lived in the village on a manor 
• A pasture, woodland, or fields surrounded the manor 
• Streams and the mill would be their source of food 

Serfs and Peasants 

• Manor was a self sufficient community 
• Serfs and peasants raised mostly everything that their lord needed to live 
• These things included: crops, milk, cheese, fuel, cloth, leather goods, and lumber 
• The only things they ever purchased were products such as salt, iron, and other things like millstones 
• They grew multiple different kinds of crops such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, vegetables, peas, beans, onions, and beets 

Manor Living 

• You had to pay high prices to live on the Lord's land 
• Peasants paid a price on all the grain ground in the Lord's mill 
• If there was an attempt at breaking the payment by doing another type of gesture it was considered committing a crime 
• You could only have a wedding if you had the Lord's consent 
• After all the payments were paid you still owed the village priest the tithe  
• The tithe was considered the church tax 

Serf's Living 

• They lived in crowded cottages which were really close to their neighbors 
• Each cottage only had one or two rooms in it 
• The main room was used for cooking and household activities 
• The second room was the family bedroom 
• They kepttheir dirt floor houses by bringing pigs inside 
• At night the families huddled together on a pile of straw 
• Dieting consisted of vegetables, coarse brown bread, grain, cheese, and sometimes soup 

Work 

• Men and woman serfs worked all the time 
• Work life revolved around raising crops and livestock then coming home and taking care of their families  
• When the children grew old enough they were instantly put to work in the field or at home 
• A lot of children did not survive adulthood 
• Illness and malnutrition were a constant affliction for living 

Code of Chivalry

• Key Question: How has the code of Chivalry shaped modern ideas of warfare and romance? 

Charles Martel 

• Saw that the Muslim cavalry turned the tides of battles 
• Organized Frankish troops into armored horsemen and knights

Technology of Warfare Changes 

• Saddles and stirrups 
• Saddles- Kept the warrior firmly seated 
• Stirrups- Handle heavier weapons 
• Warhorse played a key military Role

Caltrops 

• 2 inch iron spikes 
• Enemies threw them in the field and horses would step on them and injure the horse or kill them

The Warrior's Role in a Feudal Society

• Europe was a battleground of nobles who wanted power 
• To defend their territories, Lords raised private armies
• In return for their military service, Feudal Lords gave them fiefs from their estates
• Fief- A house that a feudal lord wins and gives to his most valued warriors/knights 

The Warrior's Role in a Feudal Society 

• Lords demanded 40 days of combat a year 
• Wrestling and Hunting

Knighthood 

• Knights were expected to show courage in battle and loyalty to their lord, and protect the weak and poor 
• Ideal knights were loyal, brave, and courteous 
  • Most knights failed to meet these standard 

Code of Chivalry 

• Stated that a knight must fight bravely in defence of 3 master 
• Earthly feudal lord, Heavenlly lord, Chosen Lady
• A complex set of ideals
  • To fear god 
  • Guard the honor of fellow knights 
  • Respect the honor of women 
  • Never to turn the back upon a foe

A Knight's Training

• They were sons of nobles and started at age of 7 and were sent to a castle of another lord 
• Was a page who waited on the host
  • Pages were servants who served meals, cleaned clothes, and carried messages 
• Practiced fighting skills with other pages using wooden shields and swords 
• At age 14 the sons become squires 
  • Squires are people who take care of knight's horses, clear armor and accompanny knights to the battlefield 
  • Had to be ready to fight with real weapons and war skills 
• Around age 21 the squire becomes a knight 
• Many men travel for a year or two 
• Gain experience by fighting in local wars or mock tournaments 
  • Tournaments- Combined recreation and combat training 
  • Fierce and blodody competitions 
  • Winners usually demanded large ransoms for defeated knights 

Dubbing Ceremony

• The night before a squire would be required to spend the night alone in pray 
• A ceremony for bravery and skill in battle 
• Squires would kneel before a lord, knight, or king who would tap the squire's shoulders with a sword 
• At the ceremony knight would have to take an otath to honor and protect his king and the church 
• After would be presented with a pair or riding spurs and a sword

Castles 

• Large walls and guard towers were build around castles
• Castles dominated the countryside in western Europe 
  • Home to the lord and his lady, their family, knights and other men at arms, and servants 
  • Castles are fortresses designed for defence
• Castles were taken in bloody battles 

Warfare

• Attacking armies used a range of weapons and strategies to force a castle to surrender 
• Defenders of the castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on enemy soldiers 
• Archers were stationed on the roof of the castle and armed with crossbows 
  • The bolts culd pierce full armor 

The literature of Chivalry 

• Themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare
• Many stories idealized castle life 
• Stories glorified knighthood, chivalry, tournaments, and real battles 
• Songs and poems about a knights undying love for a lady were very popular 

Love Poems and Songs

• Troubadours- Traveling poet- Musicians at the castle and the courts of Europe 
• Composed verses and songs about the joys and sorrows of romance 
• The code of chivalry promoted a false image of knights, making them seem more romantic than brutal 

Woman 

• In general held a very high importance to society 
• Had the added burden of being thought inferior to men 
• Important role in both peasant and noble families 

Who are noblewomen? 

• Could inherit an estate from her husband 
• Upon lords request she could send his knights to war 
• Played key role in defending castles 
• Hurled rocks and fired arrows at attackers

Peasant Woman

• Life they lived remained unchanged for centuries 
• Learned practical household skills from their mother at an early age 

Power of the Church 

• Key Question: Describe the delicate power struggle between popes and emperors/kings during the Dark Ages/Holy Roman Empire. 

Structure

• Structure of the church 
  • Power within the church was organized by status
  • Pope was the supreme authority
  • Clergy 
  • ??

Unifying Force 

• Religion in the middle ages 
  • Bonded people 
  • Sacraments
    • Baptism 
    • Confirmation
    • Holy communion 
    • Confession 
    • Marriage 
    • Holy orders 
    • Anointing the sick 
  • Village church is a place of worship and celebration 

Law 

• Law of the church 
  • The church had a system of justice to guide people's conduct
  • Obey canon law governs marriages and religious practices 
  • Popes have the power over political leader 
  • Excommunication- Banishment from the church 
  • Interdiction- King's subjects denied sacraments and services

Holy Empire 

• Emperor Charlemagne
• Otto I allies with the church
  • Crowned in Germany 
  • Invades Italy 
  • Crowned emperor in 962
• Signs of future conflicts 
  • Otto's German- Italian land becomes Holy Roman Empire 
  • Strongest European Power until 1100 

The Emperor Clashes with the Pope 

What is Lay Investiture? Giving of formal rankings to clerics by the king or emperor, a layman (King or emperor giving ranks to someone that the pope should/taking the Pope's job (nominated bishops))

Royalty and the Church

• Church hated lay investiture 
• Whoever controlled lay investiture held all of the real power 
• The Church did not believe that kings should have that kind of power in the church 

Pope Gregory VII 

• Pope

Henry IV 

• Also known as the holy Roman Emperor and King of the Romans 

Lay Investiture Controversy 

• One of the most important conflicts between secular and religious powers in Mediieval Europe 
• Began with a dispute between Pope Gregory and Henry 

Showdown at Canossa 

• Henry was to be excommunicated 
• Henry traveled to the castle where Gregory was guest and begged for forgiveness 
• The Pope made Henry wait 3 days in the snow before ending his excommunication 
• Although Gregory had humiliated Henry, Henry rushed home feeling triumphant 

Concordat of Worms

• An agreement between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II
  • The pope should nominate the bishop but the king does have the power to "veto" the person 
• Near the city of Worms 
• Ended the first phase of the Lay Investiture Controversy