Monday-
Chapter 13 section 1
Describe the impact the Germanic Kingdom had on the development of Europe
Invasions of Western Europe
5h century germanic tribes overran the western of the Roman Europe
Invasions and constant warfare caused changes in the economy government and culture
Disruption of trade
Merchants faced invaders from land and sea
Business collapsed
Money became scarce
Break down of trade
Downfall of cities
Roman Empire cities abandoned as centers of administrations
Population Shift
Nobles retreat to rural areas when Roman centers of trade and government collapsed
ROman cities had no strong leadership
City dwellers fled to countryside population became rural
Decline of learning
Germanic invaders who stormed Ro,e couldn't read or write
Level of learning sank as more families left for rural areas
Priests and church officials
Knowledge of Greek was almost lost
Few people could read Greek world literature science and philosophy
Germanic tribes had rich oral tradition of song and legends
No written language
Loss of Common Language
German speaking people mixed with Roman population latin changed
Latin was an official bu no longer understood
Different dialects developed
French Spanish and their Roman based languages evolved from latin
Germanic Kings Emerge
Between 400 and 600 Roman provinces were replaced by small Germanic Kingdoms
The church provided order and security
Germanic People ;lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions
Every Germanic chief had followers who lived in the lord's hall
PRovided food weapons treasure
In exchange they would fight for him
Clovis RUles the Franks
In the ROman province of Gaul the FRanks held power
Their leader was Clovis and he brought CHristianity to the region
Clovis led the warriors against the Germanic army
The franks won that battle
By 511 Clovis had united the Franks into one Kingdom
German Adopt Christianity
Politics spread christianity
During 600 church converted many Germanic people with help of Frankish rulers
New Converts settles in Rome’s Forner lands
Missionaries spread christianity
Religious travelers risked their lives
The 300s and 400s they worked among the Germanic and Celtic groups that bordered the ROman Empire
Southern Europe deal if coastal attacks by muslims also spurred many people to become Christian
Monasteries, Convent and Manuscripts
Churches built religious communities called monasteries to adapt to rural conditions
Monks give up their private possessions and devote their lives to serve God
Women are nuns and live in convents
Around 520 an Italian monk Benedict wrote a book describing rules for monasteries
Benedict's sister Scholastica headed a convent and had the same rules for women
Guidelines because model for religious communities
Monasteries became Europe’s best educated communities
Monks opened schools, libraries and copied books
Minks made beautiful copies of religious writings and decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures
Power expands
In 590 Gregory I became pope
Gregory broadened the authority of the popes office
The Papacy became a secular or worldly power involved in politics
Popes palace was center of Roman Government
Gregory used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor
He negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the Lombards
The region from Italy to England from Spain to Germany fell under his responsibility
He strengthened vision of Christendom
An empire evolves
Small kingdoms came up all over Europe
The Franks controlled the area that was formerly the Roman Province of Gaul
In 700 Charles Martel became the most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom
Martel held more power than the king
He extended the Franks’ reign to the north, south, and east
He als defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732
Pepin the Short
When martel died, he passed power to his son Pepin the short
Pepin agreed to fight the Lombards
In exchange the pope appointed Pepin “kind by the grace of God”
Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
Pepin the short died 768 left a greatly strengthened Frankish kingdom to his two sons Carloman and Charles
After Carloman’s death in 771 Charles who was known as Charlemagne ruled the kingdom
Charlemagne extends Frankish Rule
Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known
He led a lot of armies against enemies
Fought Muslims in Spain and tribes from other Germanic Kingdoms
Conquered new lands to both south and east
Charlemagne spread Christianity
Reunited western Europe for the first time since Roman Empire
His empire was larger than Byzantine and became powerful kind to western Europe
He helped out pope, Pope Leo III crowned him Roman Emperor
Charlemagne Leads a Revival
Charlemagne strengthened his power by limiting the authority of the nobles
He regularly visited every part of his kingdom
One of his great accomplishments was the encouragement of learning
He surrounded himself with scholars for his sons, daughters, and other children at court
He opened a palace school.
Charlemagne’s Heirs
Charlemagne crowned only surviving son Louis the Pious as emperor
Louis was religious but an ineffective ruler
He left three sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German
Sons fought for control of the Empire
In 843 brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun dividing the empire into three kingdoms
As a result Carolingian king lost power and central authority broke down
Lack of strong rulers led to a new system of governing and land holding (feudalism)
Tuesday-
Chapter 13 section 2 Feudalism in Europe
Invaders attack Western Europe
From 800 to 1000, the Carolingian Empire was destroyed
Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy
In 846, they sacked Rome
Magyar invaders struck from the East
The Huns and Avars terrorized Germany and Italy
From the North came the Vikings
Viking Invasions
The Vikings would set sail from Scandinavia-- a wintery, wooded region in Northern Europe
Now known as Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
The Vikings were a Germanic people that were also called Northmen or Norsemen
Worshipped warlike gods and took pride in nicknames such as Eric Bloodaxe or Thorfinn Skullsplitter
Carried out raids with such terrifying speeds, locals didn’t have time to for defense
They had huge ships-- The largest being able to hold 300 warriors who took turns rowing the 72 oars
They weighed up to 20 tons when fully loaded and could still set sail in 3 feet of water
Vikings begin to chill
Since the Vikings were not only warriors, they had other jobs which included traders, farmers, and explorers
Leif Ericson, an explorer, reached North America, 500 years before Columbus did
Vikings gradually began to accept Christianity and stopped raiding monasteries
Fewer Scandinavians adopted the seafaring life of the Viking warriors as temperature rose, making farming easier
Magyar Attacks
The Magyars, a group of nomadic people began to attack from the East from what is now Hungary
They swept across the Western Europe, attacking isolated villages
They overran northern Italy and made it as far west as Rhineland and Burgundy
They didn’t settle on the conquered land, only took captives to sell as slaves
Muslin Attack
The Muslims struck from the South
They began the encroachments, intrusion on a person’s rights and territory, in North Africa-- invading what is now Italy and Spain
The Muslims plan was to conquer and settle in Europe but then their goal was to plunder
Fear within the People
The invasions caused disorder and suffering, most people living in constant danger
Kings could not effectively defend their land thus leading people to look somewhere else for security
Anyone who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength
A new social order: Feudalism
Rollo (head of the Viking army) and his men had been plundering the Seine River valley for years
In 911, Rollo and Charles the Simple(king of France) faced each other in a peace ceremony
Charles granted the Viking leader a huge piece of French territory and in return, Rollo swore a pledge of loyalty
Feudalism Structures Society
During the worst years of the invaders attacked rulers, and warriors began to make similar agreements in many parts of Europe
The system of governing and landholding, Feudalism, had emerged in Europe
The feudal system was based on rights and obligation
In exchange for military protection a lord granted land called a fief
The person receiving the fief was called a vassal
Charles the Simple and Rollo showed how the bargain could work
Feudalism depended on the control of the land
The Feudal Pyramid
The king reigns at the peak
Powerful Vassals: Wealthy landowners, nobles, and bishops
Knights
Landless peasants
Social Classes are well defined
Determined by a person’s prestige and power
Classified in 3 groups
Fighters: nobles and knights
Prayers: monks,nuns, leader of the church
Workers: peasants
Social class is inherited
The majority of people were serfs
Manor: The economic side of Feudalism
The manor is the lord’s estate
Based on a set of rights and obligations
Between a lord and serfs
A self-contained world
15-30 families lived in the village on a manor
Manor was a self-sufficient community
Produced nearly everything they needed
Only bought salt, iron, and millstones
The Harshness of Manor Life
Peasants paid tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill
Attempts to avoid taxed by baking bread else were was a crime
Paid a tax on marriage
Peasant families owed the village preist a tithe
1/10th of their income was a tithe
Serfs lived in cramped cottages
1-2 rooms
Main room for cooking, eating, household activities, second room is family bedroom
Warmed the dirt-floor cottage by bringing in pigs in the winter
Family slept by huddling on a insect infested pile of straw
Peasants ate vegetables, coarse brown bread, grain, cheese, and soup
Wednesday-
Gave presentation
Thursday-
Worked on Semester test blog
The power of the church
The Far reaching authority of the church
Crowned Charlemagne
Pope Gelasius I had recognized the problems that could come in between the church and state
Came across something that could solve problems between the two
Created two swords
Pope- Spiritual sword
Emperor- Political sword
Gelasius said the pope should should bow down to the emperor
The emperor should bow down to the pope
If the pope stuck to spiritual matters and the emperor stuck to political matters, then everything would be good and fair
But they disagreed and religion and politics started intermixing
The structure of the church
Church had its own organization
Church structure depended on the different ranks of clergy
The Pope was head of the church
All priests and bishops fell under his authority
Priests are the lowest ranking members of the church
Bishops supervised the priests
Bishops settled disputes over the church’s teachings
Priests served as the main contact with the church
Religion as a unifying Force
The church was the most stable force during warfare
Security and protection
Religion was the center circle- main focus
Priests administered the sacraments
This put people in the right direction for achieving salvation
Ex. Baptism
The law of the church
The church created a system of justice to guide people
All medieval Christians, kings and peasants- Canon Law
Church established courts
Excommunication(Banning) and interdict (Prohibition)
Under interdict- Sacraments and services not performed in King’s land(Marriage)
Christians believed that without sacraments, you’re doomed to hell
Excommunication and interdict would force a German emperor to submit to the Pope’s command
The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne
Leo unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts
Otto I allies with the Church
Otto the Great
Most effective ruler of Medieval Germany
Following Charlemagne, he was crowned king
Good alliance with the church
To limit nobles’ strength, he sought help from the clergy
Built up power from head of churches
He dominated power- Germany
Took over German princes
Invaded Italy- Charlemagne
Crowned emperor in 962
Signs of Future Conflicts
German-Italian empire- Roman Empire of the German nation
Later became the Holy Roman Empire
Strongest state in Europe until 1100
Otto attempt to revive Charlemagne’s empire caused problems for future German leaders
Why?
Germany’s power over Italy
Kings and Popes- back in forth with power
Italian nobles and emperors- Germanic tribes were in power
It should be someone from the Roman Empire
The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Otto had control over a clergy and their offices
lay investiture a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
power in naming bishops
In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture
The emperor Clashes with the pope
Henry IV, called a meeting of the German Bishops
Gregory excommunicated Henry
German bishops and proncess then sided with the pope
Henry tried to win the pope’s forgiveness, to save his throne
Henry crossed the snowy alps
To Italian town of Canossa in January 1077
Henry waited 3 days in the snow before the excommunication was ended
The pope forgave anyone who begged nicely
The meeting planned, solved nothing
The Emperor Clashes with pope Concordat of Worms
representatives of the Church and the emperor meet in the German City of Worms
They reached an agreement known as the Concordat of Word
During Henry's struggle, German princes regained power lost under Otto
A later king, Frederick I, would resume the battle to build royal authority
Disorder in the Empire
By 1152, the 7 princes who elected the German king realized that Germany needed a strong ruler to keep peace
Frederick I was nicknamed “Barbarossa”
Disorder in the Empire The reign of Federick I
Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire
His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes
Whenever he left the country, disorder returned
repeatedly invaded the rich cities of Italy
His strategies caused Italian merchant to unite against him
Frederick I angered the pope, who joined the merchants in an alliance called the Lombard League
In 1776, the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of knights at the Battle of Legnano
With a victory, Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to win
Frederick made peace with the pope and returned to Germany
- After he drowned in 1190, his empire fell to pieces
Friday-
- Worked on Semester test blog
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